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CHEMISTRY ELECTROANALYTICAL ELECTROANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY CHEMISTRY A Series of Advances VOLUME 26 A Series “[Electroanalytical Chemistry: A Series of Advances] has shaped the of Advances electrochemists of the last thirty years and, even more remarkably, each volume has turned out to be of lasting significance and influence.” —Journal of Solid State Electrochemistry This book continues the series Electroanalytical Chemistry: A Series of Advances designed to provide authoritative reviews on recent developments and applications of well-established techniques in the field of electroanalytical chemistry. Electroanalytical techniques are used in a wide range of studies, including electro-organic synthesis, fuel cell studies, and radical ion formation. Each chapter in this volume provides comprehensive coverage of a subject area, including detailed descriptions of techniques, derivations of fundamental equations, and discussions of important related articles. The primary topics include: • Nanoscale scanning electrochemical microscopy edited by Allen J. Bard • Electrochemical applications of scanning ion conductance Bard and Cynthia G. Zoski microscopy • • Electrode surface modification using diazonium salts Zoski Each volume in the series provides the necessary background and a starting point for graduate students undertaking related research proj- ects. They are also of particular interest to practicing analytical chem- VOLUME 26 ists concerned with learning and applying electroanalytical techniques and the fundamental theoretical principles upon which these tech- 26 niques are based. K26327 ISBN-13: 978-1-4987-3377-9 90000 9 781498 733779 ELECTROANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY A Series of Advances VOLUME 26 ELECTROANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY A Series of Advances VOLUME 26 edit ed by Allen J. Bard and Cynthia G. Zoski ELECTROANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY A Series of Advances VOLUME 26 edit ed by Allen J. Bard and Cynthia G. Zoski CRC Press Taylor & Francis Group 6000 Broken Sound Parkway NW, Suite 300 Boca Raton, FL 33487-2742 © 2016 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC CRC Press is an imprint of Taylor & Francis Group, an Informa business No claim to original U.S. Government works Version Date: 20151021 International Standard Book Number-13: 978-1-4987-3379-3 (eBook - PDF) This book contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources. Reasonable efforts have been made to publish reliable data and information, but the author and publisher cannot assume responsibility for the validity of all materials or the consequences of their use. The authors and publishers have attempted to trace the copyright holders of all material reproduced in this publication and apologize to copyright holders if permission to publish in this form has not been obtained. If any copyright material has not been acknowledged please write and let us know so we may rectify in any future reprint. Except as permitted under U.S. Copyright Law, no part of this book may be reprinted, reproduced, transmitted, or utilized in any form by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying, microfilming, and recording, or in any information stor- age or retrieval system, without written permission from the publishers. For permission to photocopy or use material electronically from this work, please access www.copyright.com (http://www.copyright.com/) or contact the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc. (CCC), 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, 978-750-8400. CCC is a not-for-profit organization that provides licenses and registration for a variety of users. For organizations that have been granted a photocopy license by the CCC, a separate system of payment has been arranged. Trademark Notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe. Visit the Taylor & Francis Web site at http://www.taylorandfrancis.com and the CRC Press Web site at http://www.crcpress.com Contents Introduction to the Series .........................................................................................vii Contributors to Volume 26 ........................................................................................ix Contents of Other Series Volumes ............................................................................xi Chapter 1 Nanoscale Scanning Electrochemical Microscopy ..............................1 Shigeru Amemiya Chapter 2 Electrochemical Applications of Scanning Ion Conductance Microscopy .........................................................................................73 Anna Weber, Wenqing Shi, and Lane A. Baker Chapter 3 Electrode Surface Modification Using Diazonium Salts .................115 Avni Berisha, Mohamed M. Chehimi, Jean Pinson, and Fetah I. Podvorica v Introduction to the Series This series is designed to provide authoritative reviews in the field of modern electroanalytical chemistry defined in its broadest sense. Coverage is comprehensive and critical. Enough space is devoted to each chapter of each volume to include derivations of fundamental equations, detailed descriptions of apparatus and techniques, and complete discussion of important articles, so that the chapters may be read without repeated reference to the periodical literature. Chapters vary in length and subject area. Some are reviews of recent developments and applications of well- established techniques, whereas others contain discussion of the background and problems in areas still being investigated extensively and in which many statements may still be tentative. Finally, chapters on techniques generally outside the scope of electroanalytical chemistry, but which can be applied fruitfully to electrochemical problems, are included. Electroanalytical chemists and others are concerned not only with the application of new and classical techniques to analytical problems, but also with the fundamental theoretical principles upon which these techniques are based. Electroanalytical techniques are proving useful in such diverse fields as electro- organic synthesis, fuel cell studies, and radical ion formation as well as with such problems as the kinetics and mechanisms of electrode reactions, and the effects of electrode surface phenomena, adsorption, and the electrical double layer on electrode reactions. It is hoped that the series is proving useful to the specialist and nonspecialist alike—that it provides a background and a starting point for graduate students undertaking research in the areas mentioned, and that it also proves valuable to practicing analytical chemists interested in learning about and applying electroanalytical techniques. Furthermore, electrochemists and industrial chemists with problems of electrosynthesis, electroplating, corrosion, and fuel cells, as well as other chemists wishing to apply electrochemical techniques to chemical problems, may find useful material in these volumes. Allen J. Bard Cynthia G. Zoski vii