Electro-Optics Handbook

1000 Pages·2000·7.336 MB·English

by  Ronald Waynant, Marwood Ediger

ELECTRO-OPTICS
HANDBOOK
Ronald W. Waynant
Editor
Marwood N. Ediger
Editor
Food and Drug Administration
Rockville, Maryland
Second Edition
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LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData
Electro-opticshandbook/RonaldW.Waynant,editor,MarwoodN.Ediger,editor.—2nded.
p. cm.
Includesbibliographicalreferencesandindex.
ISBN0-07-068716-1(hc)
1. Electroopticaldevices—Handbooks,manuals,etc. I. Waynant,RonaldW.
II. Ediger,MarwoodN.,date.
TA1750.E44 2000
621.36—dc21
99-044081
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CONTRIBUTORS
GeorgF.Albrecht,LawrenceLivermoreNationalLaboratory,Livermore,California(CHAP.5)
JohnE.Bowers,UniversityofCaliforniaatSantaBarbara(CHAP.29)
GeorgeR.Carruthers,E. O. Hulburt Center for Space Research, Naval Research Laboratory,Wash-
ington,D.C.(CHAP.15)
Y. J. Chen, Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland
(CHAP.22)
JamesJ.Coleman,MicroelectronicsLaboratory,UniversityofIllinois,Urbana,Illinois(CHAP.6)
CharlesM.Davis,Centerville,Virginia(CHAP.21)
J.G.Eden,DepartmentofElectricalEngineering,UniversityofIllinois,Champaign,Illinois(CHAP.20)
MarwoodN.Ediger,FoodandDrugAdministration,Rockville,Maryland(CHAP.1)
T.J.Harris,AppliedPhysicsLaboratory,JohnsHopkinsUniversity,Laurel,Maryland(CHAP.11)
MasamitsuHaruna,DepartmentofElectronicEngineering,OsakaUniversity,Osaka,Japan(CHAP.26)
P.-T.Ho,JointProgramforAdvancedElectronicMaterials,DepartmentofElectricalEngineering,Uni-
versityofMaryland,CollegePark,Maryland(CHAPS.9,22)
Michael Ivanco, Atomic Energy of Canada Limited, Chalk River Laboratories, Chalk River, Ontario
(CHAP.7)
Tung H. Jeong, Chairman, Department of Physics, Lake Forest College, Lake Forest, Illinois (CHAP.
19)
S. B. Kim, Department of Chemistry, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California
(CHAP.20)
BethA.Koelbl,Nulight,VirginiaStation,Virginia(CHAP.28)
Chi.H.Lee,Joint Program for Advanced Electronic Materials,Department of ElectricalEngineering,
UniversityofMaryland,CollegePark,Maryland(CHAP.9)
ThomasLiljeberg,UniversityofCaliforniaatSantaBarbara(CHAP.29)
JamesT.Luxon,AssociateDean,GraduateStudies,ExtensionServicesandResearch,GMIEngineering
andManagementInstitute,Flint,Michigan(CHAP.25)
SharonMiller,FoodandDrugAdministration,Rockville,Maryland(CHAP.2)
HiroshiNishihara,DepartmentofElectronicEngineering,OsakaUniversity,Osaka,Japan(CHAP.26)
JohnA.Pasour,MissionResearchCorporation,Newington,Virginia(CHAP.8)
StephenA.Payne,LawrenceLivermoreNationalLaboratory,Livermore,California(CHAP.5)
xv
xvi CONTRIBUTORS
Martin Peckerar, Nonelectronic Processing Facility, Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, D.C.
(CHAP.22)
Jack C. Rife, Condensed Matter and Radiation Sciences Division, Naval Research Laboratory, Wash-
ington,D.C.(CHAP.10)
PaulA.Rochefort,AtomicEnergyofCanadaLimited,ChalkRiverLaboratories,ChalkRiver,Ontario
(CHAP.7)
G.Rodriguez,EverittLaboratory,UniversityofIllinois,Urbana,Illinois(CHAP.20)
FrederickA.Rosell,Westinghouse ElectricCorporation,DefenseandSpaceCenter,Baltimore,Mary-
land(CHAP.18)
RolandSauerbrey,Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering and Rice QuantumInstitute,
RiceUniversity,Houston,Texas(CHAP.3)
WilliamT.Silfvast,CenterforResearchinElectro-OpticsandLasers,Orlando,Florida(CHAP.4)
Edward J. Sharp, Department of the Army, U.S. Army Research Laboratory, Fort Belvoir, Virginia
(CHAP.13)
David H. Sliney, Department of the Army, U.S. Army Environmental Hygiene Agency, Edgewood,
Maryland(CHAP.23)
SuzanneC.Stotlar,YorbaLinda,California(CHAPS.16,17)
ToshiakiSuhara,DepartmentofElectronicEngineering,OsakaUniversity,Osaka,Japan(CHAP.26)
M.E.Thomas,AppliedPhysicsLaboratory,JohnsHopkinsUniversity,Laurel,Maryland(CHAP.11)
W.J.Tropf,AppliedPhysicsLaboratory,JohnsHopkinsUniversity,Laurel,Maryland(CHAP.11)
CarltonM.Truesdale,CorningIndustries,Corning,NewYork(CHAP.12)
M.J.C.vanGemert,CollegeofEngineering,TheUniversityofTexasatAustin,Austin,Texas(CHAP.
24)
Osamu Wada, Deputy Manager, Fujitsu Laboratires, Limited, Optical Semiconductor Devices Labo-
ratories,AtsugiKanagawa,Japan(CHAP.27)
RonaldW.Waynant,FoodandDrugAdministration,Rockville,Maryland(CHAP.1)
AshleyJ.Welch,CollegeofEngineering,TheUniversityofTexasatAustin,Austin,Texas(CHAP.24)
Gary L. Wood, Director, Center for Night Vision and Electro-Optics, Department of the Army, U.S.
ArmyResearchLaboratory,FortBelvoir,Virginia(CHAPS.13,14)
LiYan,DepartmentofElectricalEngineering,UniversityofMaryland,Baltimore,Maryland(CHAP.9)
ClarenceJ.Zarobila,OpticalTechnologies,Incorporated,Herndon,Virginia(CHAP.21)
McGraw-Hill Optical and Electro-Optical Engineering Series
Robert E. Fischer and Warren J. Smith, Series Editors
Published
Hecht • THE LASER GUIDEBOOK
Melzer & Moffitt • HEAD MOUNTED DISPLAYS
Miller & Friedman • PHOTONICS RULES OF THUMB
Mouroulis • VISUAL INSTRUMENTATION
Smith • MODERN OPTICAL ENGINEERING
Smith • MODERN LENS DESIGN
Smith • PRACTICAL OPTICAL SYSTEM LAYOUT
Waynant & Ediger • ELECTRO-OPTICSHANDBOOK
Wyatt • ELECTRO-OPTICALSYSTEM DESIGN
Other Books of Interest
Optical Society of America • HANDBOOK OF OPTICS, SECOND EDITION, VOLUMES I, II
Keiser • OPTICAL FIBER COMMUNICATIONS
Syms, Cozens • OPTICAL WAVES AND DEVICES
Chomycz • FIBER OPTICAL INSTALLATIONS
ABOUT THE EDITORS
RONALDW.WAYNANTisEditorinChiefofIEEECircuitsandDevicesMaga-
zineandsenioropticalengineerattheFoodandDrugAdministration’sElec-
tro-Optical Branch. He also gathered the distinguished contributorsfor and
editedthefirsteditionofthisHandbook.HeresidesinClarksville,Maryland.
MARWOOD N. EDIGER has over 12 years’ experience in the use of lasers in
medicalapplications.MarwoodlivesinVienna,Virginia.
CONTENTS
Contributors xv
PrefacetoSecondEdition xvii
PrefacetoFirstEdition xix
Acronyms xxi
Chapter 1. Introductionto Electro-Optics RonaldW.Waynantand
MarwoodN.Ediger 1.1
1.1 Introduction / 1.1
1.2 TypesofLightSources / 1.1
1.3 Materials / 1.4
1.4 Detectors / 1.5
1.5 CurrentApplications / 1.6
1.6 References / 1.7
Chapter 2. NoncoherentSources SharonMiller 2.1
2.1 Introduction / 2.1
2.2 DefinitionofTerms / 2.1
2.3 Characteristics / 2.6
2.4 MeasurementsandCalibration / 2.10
2.5 SourcesofNoncoherentOpticalRadiation / 2.21
2.6 References / 2.35
Chapter 3. Ultraviolet, Vacuum-Ultraviolet,and X-Ray Lasers
RolandSauerbrey 3.1
3.1 LasersintheElectromagneticSpectrum / 3.1
3.2 PrinciplesofShort-WavelengthLaserOperation / 3.4
3.3 UltravioletandVacuumUltravioletLasers / 3.11
3.4 X-RayLasersandGamma-RayLasers / 3.36
3.5 References / 3.43
vii
viii CONTENTS
Chapter 4. Visible Lasers WilliamT.Silfvast 4.1
4.1 Introduction / 4.1
4.2 VisibleLasersinGaseousMedia / 4.2
4.3 VisibleLasersInLiquidMedia—OrganicDyeLasers / 4.14
4.4 VisibleLasersinSolidMaterials / 4.18
4.5 References / 4.21
Chapter 5. Solid-StateLasers GeorgF.AlbrechtandStephenA.Payne 5.1
5.1 Introduction / 5.1
5.2 Solid-StateLaserDevices / 5.2
5.3 Solid-StateLaserMaterials / 5.34
5.4 FutureDirections / 5.56
5.5 References / 5.57
Chapter 6. SemiconductorLasers JamesJ.Coleman 6.1
6.1 CompoundSemiconductorsandAlloys / 6.1
6.2 EnergyBandStructure / 6.3
6.3 Heterostructures / 6.6
6.4 DoubleHeterostructureLaser / 6.7
6.5 StripeGeometryLasers / 6.10
6.6 Index-GuidedStripeGeometryLasers / 6.12
6.7 MaterialsGrowth / 6.13
6.8 QuantumWellHeterostructureLasers / 6.14
6.9 VerticalCavitySurfaceEmittingLasers / 6.17
6.10 LaserArrays / 6.18
6.11 ModulationofLaserDiodes / 6.21
6.12 Reliability / 6.23
6.13 References / 6.25
Chapter 7. InfraredGas Lasers MichaelIvancoandPaulA.Rochefort 7.1
7.1 Introduction / 7.1
7.2 GasLaserTheory / 7.1
7.3 SpecificGasLasers / 7.12
7.4 Conclusions / 7.30
7.5 References / 7.30
Chapter 8. Free-ElectronLasers JohnA.Pasour 8.1
8.1 Introduction / 8.1
8.2 FELTheory / 8.3
8.3 FELComponents / 8.8
8.4 FELDevices / 8.14
8.5 FutureDirections / 8.17
8.6 Conclusions / 8.20
8.7 References / 8.20
CONTENTS ix
Chapter 9. Ultrashort Optical Pulses: Sources andTechniques LiYan,
P.-T.Ho,andChi.H.Lee 9.1
9.1 PrinciplesofUltrashortPulseGeneration / 9.1
9.2 MethodsofGeneration / 9.5
9.3 UltrashortPulseLaserSystems / 9.18
9.4 MethodsofPulseWidthMeasurements / 9.26
9.5 Conclusions / 9.31
9.6 References / 9.32
Chapter 10. Optical Materials—UV, VUV JackC.Rife 10.1
10.1 FundamentalPhysicalProperties / 10.3
10.2 TransmissiveUVOptics / 10.7
10.3 ReflectiveUVOptics / 10.16
10.4 DamageandDurability / 10.26
10.5 Fabrication / 10.31
10.6 References / 10.37
Chapter 11. Optical Materials: Visibleand Infrared W.J.Tropf,T.J.Harris,
andM.E.Thomas 11.1
11.1 Introduction / 11.1
11.2 TypesofMaterials / 11.1
11.3 Applications / 11.2
11.4 MaterialProperties / 11.5
11.5 PropertyDataTables / 11.9
11.6 References / 11.71
Chapter 12. Optical Fibers CarltonM.Truesdale 12.1
12.1 TheoryofFiberTransmission / 12.1
12.2 MaterialsfortheFabricationofOpticalFiber / 12.10
12.3 FabricationMethods / 12.12
12.4 FiberLosses / 12.16
12.5 PulseBroadening / 12.19
12.6 References / 12.26
Chapter 13. NonlinearOptics GaryL.WoodandEdwardJ.Sharp 13.1
13.1 Introduction / 13.1
13.2 LinearOptics:TheHarmonicPotentialWell / 13.1
13.3 NonlinearOptics:TheAnharmonicPotentialWell / 13.4
13.4 Second-OrderNonlinearities:(cid:1) / 13.7
13.5 TheThird-OrderSusceptibilities:(cid:1) / 13.9
13.6 PropagationThroughNonlinearMaterials / 13.12
13.7 Acknowledgments / 13.27
13.8 References / 13.27