Electro-Coagulation and Electro-Oxidation in Water and Wastewater Treatment

477 Pages·2022·5.069 MB·English

by  Patrick Drogui, R. D. Tyagi, Rao Y. Surampalli, Tian C. Zhang, P.E. Song Yan, Xiaolei Zhang

Electro-Coagulation and
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EDITED BY
Patrick Drogui, R. D. Tyagi, Rao Y. Surampalli
Tian C. Zhang, Song Yan, Xiaolei Zhang
Electro-Coagulation and
Electro-Oxidation in Water
and Wastewater Treatment
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Electro-Coagulation and
Electro-Oxidation in Water
and Wastewater Treatment
Electro-Coagulation and Electro-Oxidation in Water
and Wastewater Treatment Task Committee of the
Technical Committee on Hazardous, Toxic, and Radioactive
Waste Engineering of the Environmental Council of the
Environmental and Water Resources Institute of the
American Society of Civil Engineers
Edited by
Patrick Drogui, Ph.D.
R. D. Tyagi, Ph.D.
Rao Y. Surampalli, Ph.D., P.E.
Tian C. Zhang, Ph.D., P.E.
Song Yan, Ph.D.
Xiaolei Zhang, Ph.D.
Published by the American Society of Civil Engineers
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Names: Environmental Council (Environmental and Water Resources Institute).
Electro-Coagulation and Electro-Oxidation in Water and Wastewater Treatment Task
Committe, author. | Drogui, Patrick, editor. | Tyagi, R. D., 1952- editor. | Surampalli,
Rao Y., editor. | Zhang, Tian C., editor. | Yan, Song (Sanitary engineer), editor. | Zhang,
Xiaolei (Sanitary engineer), editor.
Title: Electro-coagulation and electro-oxidation in water and wastewater treatment /
Electro-Coagulation and Electro-Oxidation in Water and Wastewater Treatment Task
Committe of the Technical Committee on Hazardous, Toxic, and Radioactive Waste
Engineering of the Environmental Council of the Environmental and Water Resources
Institute of the American Society of Civil Engineers ; editors/authors Patrick Drogui,
Ph.D., R. D. Tyagi, Ph.D., Rao Y. Surampalli, Ph.D., P.E., Tian C. Zhang, Ph.D., P.E.,
Song Yan, Ph.D., Xiaolei Zhang, Ph.D.
Description: Reston, Virginia : American Society of Civil Engineers, [2022] | Includes
bibliographical references and index. | Summary: “This book provides a detailed overview
of the origins, principle, benefits, impacts, and applications of electro-coagulation and
electro-oxidation for water/wastewater treatment”-- Provided by publisher.
Identifiers: LCCN 2021055826 | ISBN 9780784416020 (print) | ISBN 9780784483992 (PDF)
Subjects: LCSH: Water--Purification--Coagulation. | Sewage--Purification--Oxidation.
| Water--Purification--Electrochemical treatment. | Sewage--Purification--
Electrochemical treatment. | Electrocoagulation. | Electrolytic oxidation.
Classification: LCC TD471 .E58 2022 | DDC 628.1/62--dc23/eng/20220125
LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2021055826
Published by American Society of Civil Engineers
1801 Alexander Bell Drive
Reston, Virginia 20191-4382
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Copyright © 2022 by the American Society of Civil Engineers.
All Rights Reserved.
ISBN 978-0-7844-1602-0 (print)
ISBN 978-0-7844-8399-2 (PDF)
ISBN 978-0-7844-8420-3 (ePub)
Manufactured in the United States of America.
27 26 25 24 23 22 1 2 3 4 5
Contents
Preface ........................................................................................................................................xv
Contributing Authors ..........................................................................................................xvii
Chapter 1 Introduction ...............................................................................1
Song Yan, Patrick Drogui, X. L. Zhang, R. D. Tyagi, Rao Y.
Surampalli, Tian C. Zhang
1.1 Principle and Definition of Electro-Coagulation .......................................1
1.2 Electro-Coagulation Process: Emerging Technology for Water
and Wastewater Treatment ...............................................................................2
1.3 Electro-Coagulation Process: Green and Clean Electrochemical
Technology ..............................................................................................................3
1.4 Integration into Water/Wastewater Treatment Plants or
Application for Decentralized Sanitation .....................................................3
1.4.1 Electro-Coagulation Used as Primary Physicochemical
Treatment .................................................................................................4
1.4.2 Electro-Coagulation Used as Secondary Treatment ..............14
1.4.3 Electro-Coagulation Used as Tertiary Treatment ....................15
1.5 Principle and Definition of Electro-Oxidation .........................................19
1.5.1 Direct Effect of Electro-Oxidation ................................................20
1.5.2 Indirect Effect of Electro-Oxidation .............................................21
1.6 Integration of Electro-Oxidation into Water/Wastewater
Treatment Plants or Application for Decentralized Sanitation ..........23
1.6.1 Electro-Oxidation Used as Pretreatment ...................................26
1.6.2 Electro-Oxidation Used as Tertiary Treatment .........................32
1.7 Summary ...............................................................................................................33
References ........................................................................................................................35
Chapter 2 Electro-Coagulation Process: Origins and Principles ..........41
Sridhar Pilli, S. Yan, R. D. Tyagi, P. Drogui, Rao Y. Surampalli,
Tian C. Zhang
2.1 Introduction .........................................................................................................41
2.2 Fundamentals of Electro-Coagulation for Water and
Wastewater Treatment .....................................................................................42
2.2.1 Reactor Design ....................................................................................47
2.2.2 Monopolar and Bipolar Configurations......................................49
2.2.3 Production of Coagulation Agents ..............................................50
v
vi COnTEnTS
2.3 Experimental Features .....................................................................................52
2.3.1 Current Density and Energetic Parameters ...............................53
2.3.2 Power Supply Type.............................................................................53
2.3.3 Effect of Anodic and Cathode Materials.....................................54
2.3.4 Influence of Operation Parameters ..............................................55
2.4 Advantages and Disadvantages of Electro-Coagulation ....................59
2.4.1 Advantages ...........................................................................................59
2.4.2 Disadvantages .....................................................................................60
2.5 Future Research Work.......................................................................................61
2.6 Summary ...............................................................................................................61
References ........................................................................................................................61
Chapter 3 Electro-Oxidation Process: Origins and Principles ..............65
Ali Khosravanipour Mostafazadeh, M. R. Karimi Estahbanati,
Patrick Drogui, R. D. Tyagi
3.1 Introduction .........................................................................................................65
3.2 Fundamentals of Electro-Oxidation for Water and
Wastewater Treatment .....................................................................................66
3.2.1 Electrochemical Reactor Principle and Reaction
Mechanism ..........................................................................................67
3.2.2 Poisoning Effect ..................................................................................69
3.2.3 By-Products ..........................................................................................70
3.3 Direct Anodic Oxidation ..................................................................................70
3.4 Indirect Electrochemical Oxidation .............................................................71
3.5 Challenges and Future Research Work.......................................................74
3.6 Summary ...............................................................................................................75
References ........................................................................................................................76
Chapter 4 Mathematical Modeling of Electro-Coagulation
Process .................................................................................79
S. K. Ram, H. Panidepu, C. Vasavi, P. Drogui, R. D. Tyagi
4.1 Introduction .........................................................................................................79
4.2 Critical Factors to be Considered in Electro-Coagulation
Modeling ............................................................................................................80
4.3 Different Modeling Techniques Available for Electro-Coagulation ......82
4.4 Mathematical Modeling of Electro-Coagulation Using Artificial
neural networks ................................................................................................83
4.5 Important Elements of Electro-Coagulation Modeling by
Artificial neural network .................................................................................84
4.5.1 Topology of Artificial neural networks ......................................84
4.5.2 Learning Process of a Model...........................................................85
4.5.3 Training Algorithm .............................................................................86
4.5.4 Optimization of neural network Model.....................................87
4.6 Essential Elements of Statistical Modeling by Response
Surface Methodology .......................................................................................89
4.6.1 Choosing Independent Variables .................................................89
COnTEnTS vii
4.6.2 Experimental Design .........................................................................89
4.6.3 Statistical Treatment of Data ..........................................................90
4.6.4 Fitting of the Model ...........................................................................90
4.6.5 Finding Optimal Conditions ...........................................................91
4.7 Multiobjective Optimization Models ..........................................................92
4.8 Recent Modeling Studies Using Artificial neural networks ...............93
4.9 Recent Modeling Studies in Electro-Coagulation Using
Response Surface Methodology ..................................................................95
4.10 Kinetics of Electro-Coagulation ..................................................................102
4.11 Miscellaneous Mathematical Models for Electro-Coagulation .......104
4.11.1 Adsorption Models ..........................................................................104
4.11.2 Computational Fluid Dynamics and Electro-Coagulation .........106
4.11.3 Mathematical Model for Electro-Coagulation Using
Reaction Kinetics ..............................................................................108
4.11.4 Electro-Coagulation Modeling Using Flotation and
Settling Phenomena........................................................................110
4.11.5 Electro-Coagulation Modeling Using Flocculation ...............111
4.12 Concluding Remarks ........................................................................................111
References ......................................................................................................................112
Chapter 5 Mathematical Modeling of the Electro-Oxidation
Process ..................................................................................119
Majid Gholami Shirkoohi, M. R. Karimi Estahbanati,
Zahra nayernia, Pedram Ramin, Krist V. Gernaey, Patrick Drogui,
R. D. Tyagi
5.1 Introduction .......................................................................................................119
5.2 Modeling Techniques Available for Electro-Oxidation ......................119
5.3 Phenomenological Modeling ......................................................................120
5.3.1 Electrochemical Kinetics ................................................................121
5.3.2 Mass Transfer in an Electrochemical Cell .................................123
5.3.3 Total Ionic Flux in a Bulk Electrolyte ..........................................124
5.3.4 Model Selection ................................................................................125
5.3.5 Selection of Model Variables ........................................................128
5.4 Modeling Based on the Design of Experiments and Response
Surface Methodology .....................................................................................128
5.4.1 Factorial Design .................................................................................128
5.4.2 Central Composite Design ............................................................129
5.4.3 Box–Behnken Design ......................................................................130
5.4.4 Taguchi’s Design ...............................................................................130
5.4.5 Doehlert Design ................................................................................130
5.4.6 Modeling Studies Using Response Surface Methodology..........131
5.5 Mathematical Modeling of Electro-Oxidation Using
Artificial neural networks .............................................................................136
5.5.1 Artificial neural network’s Architectures .................................137
viii COnTEnTS
5.5.2 Multilayer Feedforward networks and Their
Learning Process ...............................................................................137
5.5.3 Optimization Techniques Linked to
Artificial neural networks .............................................................141
5.5.4 Comparison of Artificial neural networks and
Response Surface Methodology .................................................143
5.6 Kinetic Analysis of Electro-Oxidation .......................................................143
5.7 Challenges and Future Research Work.....................................................144
5.8 Conclusion ..........................................................................................................145
References ......................................................................................................................146
Chapter 6 Combined Electro-Coagulation Processes ..........................151
Ali Khosravanipour Mostafazadeh, Patrick Drogui, R. D. Tyagi
6.1 Introduction .......................................................................................................151
6.2 Advantages and Disadvantages of Electro-Coagulation versus
Advanced Oxidation Process .......................................................................154
6.3 Electro-Coagulation and TiO Photo-Assisted Process ......................154
2
6.3.1 Introduction to the Photocatalysis Process and Hybrid
Technique with Electrocoagulation ...........................................154
6.3.2 Kinetic Model .....................................................................................156
6.3.3 Effective Parameters ........................................................................160
6.3.4 Application in Wastewater Treatment ......................................161
6.4 Sono-Electro-Coagulation Process ............................................................162
6.4.1 Ultrasound Process and the Hybrid Technique with
Electro-Coagulation ........................................................................162
6.4.2 Kinetics of the Sono-Electro-Coagulation Process...............162
6.4.3 Effect of Operating Parameters ...................................................163
6.5 Electro-Coagulation-Fenton Process ........................................................164
6.5.1 Electro-Fenton Process and the Hybrid Method with
Electro-Coagulation ........................................................................164
6.5.2 Effective Parameters ........................................................................165
6.5.3 Photo-Fenton-Electro-Coagulation Process ...........................168
6.5.4 Comparative Studies .......................................................................168
6.6 Electro-Coagulation-Electro-Oxidation Process ..................................168
6.6.1 Electro-Oxidation Processes and the Combined
Technique with Electro-Coagulation ........................................168
6.6.2 Effective Factors ................................................................................171
6.6.3 Kinetic Model .....................................................................................173
6.6.4 Performance and Efficiency in Terms of Coagulant and
Oxidant Agents .................................................................................173
6.6.5 Application in Wastewater Treatment ......................................174
6.7 Electro-Coagulation-Peroxidation Process.............................................175
6.7.1 Peroxidation Process and the Combined Technique
with Electro-Coagulation ..............................................................175
6.7.2 Effective Factors ................................................................................176
COnTEnTS ix
6.7.3 Application in Wastewater Treatment ......................................177
6.7.4 Kinetic Model .....................................................................................177
6.8 Ozonation-Electro-Coagulation Process .................................................177
6.8.1 Theory of the Ozone Treatment Process and the
Integrated Technique with Electro-Coagulation ..................177
6.8.2 Kinetic Model .....................................................................................179
6.8.3 Crucial Parameters ...........................................................................179
6.8.4 Comparison and Application of Ozonation, Electro-
Coagulation, and Ozone-Electro-Coagulation Processes ......180
6.9 Combined Electro-Coagulation and Biological Treatment
(Electro-Bio System) ........................................................................................180
6.10 Comparative Studies .......................................................................................182
6.11 Biofiltration-Electro-Coagulation Coupling ...........................................182
6.12 Advantages and Disadvantages of Biological and
Electro-Coagulation Processes ...................................................................184
6.13 Conclusion ..........................................................................................................185
nomenclature ...............................................................................................................186
References ......................................................................................................................187
Chapter 7 Combined Electro-Oxidation Processes ..............................191
Sushil Kumar, Bhagyashree Tiwari, Patrick Drogui, R. D. Tyagi
7.1 Introduction .......................................................................................................191
7.2 Electro-Oxidation and TiO Photo-Assisted Processes .......................192
2
7.3 Sono-Electro-Oxidation Process ................................................................195
7.3.1 Degradation of Contaminants Using
Sono-Electro-Oxidation Processes.............................................196
7.3.2 Advantages of the Sono-Electro-Oxidation Process ...........197
7.4 Electrochemical-Peroxidation Process .....................................................197
7.5 Electro-Peroxone Process .............................................................................199
7.5.1 Mechanism of the Process .............................................................199
7.5.2 Advantages of the E-Peroxone Process ....................................201
7.6 Electro-Fenton Process ..................................................................................201
7.6.1 Process Mechanism .........................................................................202
7.6.2 Advantages and Disadvantages of the
Electro-Fenton Process ...................................................................204
7.7 Electro-Oxidation Filtration Process .........................................................204
7.8 Membrane Technology Coupled with the
Electrochemical Process ................................................................................205
7.8.1 One-Pot Coupling Process ............................................................206
7.8.2 Two-Stage Coupling Process ........................................................206
7.8.3 Coupled Biological and
Electro-Oxidation Process—Case Studies ...............................207
7.9 Advantages and Disadvantages of Electro-Oxidation versus
Advanced Oxidation Processes ...................................................................208