Electricity Pricing: Regulated, Deregulated and Smart Grid Systems

234 Pages·2014·20.208 MB·English

by  Sawan Sen, Samarjit Sengupta, Abhijit Chakrabarti

Electrical Engineering S
E
N
(cid:127)
S
E
N
G
U
P
T
A
(cid:127)
C
H
A E L E C T R I C I T Y
K
R
A
B
A
R
T
I
ELECTRICITY PRICING
Regulated, Deregulated and Smart Grid Systems P R I C I N G
Electricity Pricing: Regulated, Deregulated and Smart Grid
Systems presents proven methods for supplying uninterrupted,
high-quality electrical power at a reasonable price to the consumer.
Illustrating the evolution of the power market from a monopoly to an
E
open access system, this essential text:
R e g u l a t e d , D e re g u l a t e d
L
E
• Covers voltage stability analysis of longitudinal power supply
C
systems using an artificial neural network (ANN) a n d S m a r t G r i d S y s t e m s
T
• Explains how to improve performance using flexible alternating
R
current transmission systems (FACTS) and high-voltage direct
I
current (HVDC) C
• Takes into account operating constraints as well as generation I
cost, line overload and congestion for expected and inadvertent T
loading stress Y
• Goes beyond FACTS and HVDC to provide multi-objective
P
optimization algorithms for the deregulated power market
• Proposes the use of stochastic optimization techniques in R
the smart grid, preparing the reader for future development I
C
I
Electricity Pricing: Regulated, Deregulated and Smart Grid
N
Systems offers practical solutions for improving stability, reliability
G
and efficiency in real-time systems while optimizing electricity cost.
Sawan Sen (cid:127) Samarjit Sengupta
Abhijit Chakrabarti
K23840

E L E C T R I C I T Y
P R I C I N G
R e g u l a t e d , D e re g u l a t e d
a n d S m a r t G r i d S y s t e m s

E L E C T R I C I T Y
P R I C I N G
R e g u l a t e d , D e re g u l a t e d
a n d S m a r t G r i d S y s t e m s
Sawan Sen
Academy of Technology, Hooghly, India
Samarjit Sengupta
University of Calcutta, Kolkata, India
Abhijit Chakrabarti
Jadavpur University, Kolkata, India
Boca Raton London New York
CRC Press is an imprint of the
Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business
CRC Press
Taylor & Francis Group
6000 Broken Sound Parkway NW, Suite 300
Boca Raton, FL 33487-2742
© 2015 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
CRC Press is an imprint of Taylor & Francis Group, an Informa business
No claim to original U.S. Government works
Version Date: 20140623
International Standard Book Number-13: 978-1-4822-5175-3 (eBook - PDF)
This book contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources. Reasonable efforts
have been made to publish reliable data and information, but the author and publisher cannot assume
responsibility for the validity of all materials or the consequences of their use. The authors and publishers
have attempted to trace the copyright holders of all material reproduced in this publication and apologize to
copyright holders if permission to publish in this form has not been obtained. If any copyright material has
not been acknowledged please write and let us know so we may rectify in any future reprint.
Except as permitted under U.S. Copyright Law, no part of this book may be reprinted, reproduced, transmit-
ted, or utilized in any form by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented,
including photocopying, microfilming, and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system,
without written permission from the publishers.
For permission to photocopy or use material electronically from this work, please access www.copyright.
com (http://www.copyright.com/) or contact the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc. (CCC), 222 Rosewood
Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, 978-750-8400. CCC is a not-for-profit organization that provides licenses and
registration for a variety of users. For organizations that have been granted a photocopy license by the CCC,
a separate system of payment has been arranged.
Trademark Notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used
only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe.
Visit the Taylor & Francis Web site at
http://www.taylorandfrancis.com
and the CRC Press Web site at
http://www.crcpress.com
Dedicated to our parents

Contents
List of Figures .........................................................................................................xi
List of Tables ..........................................................................................................xv
Preface ...................................................................................................................xix
About the Authors ..............................................................................................xxi
List of Principal Symbols .................................................................................xxiii
List of Abbreviations .........................................................................................xxv
1. Prologue ............................................................................................................1
1.1 Motivation of the Book .........................................................................1
1.2 Contributions of the Book ....................................................................2
1.3 Organization of the Book .....................................................................4
2. Background and Literature Survey .............................................................7
2.1 Introduction ...........................................................................................7
2.2 Power Network Performance Evaluation ..........................................8
2.2.1 Importance of Voltage Stability on Performance
Evaluation .................................................................................8
2.2.1.1 Classical Methods of Ascertaining Stability ........8
2.2.1.2 Neo-Classical Methods of Ascertaining
Stability ....................................................................11
2.2.2 Significance of Compensation Techniques ........................12
2.2.2.1 Series and Shunt Compensation Employing
FACTS Devices ........................................................13
2.2.2.2 Employment of HVDC Link .................................15
2.2.3 Optimization Methods with System Performance
and Cost Emphasis ................................................................18
2.2.3.1 Classical and Neo-Classical Optimization
Methods ...................................................................18
2.2.3.2 Application of Optimization Methods in
Regulated and Deregulated Power Networks......19
2.2.4 Enrichment of Cost-Governed System Performance
in Smart Grid Arena ..............................................................24
2.3 Concluding Remarks on Existing Efforts ........................................26
Annotating Outline .......................................................................................26
3. Analysis of Voltage Stability of Longitudinal Power Supply
System Using an Artificial Neural Network ...........................................29
3.1 Introduction .........................................................................................29
3.2 Theoretical Development of Voltage Stability and Voltage
Collapse ................................................................................................30
vii
viii Contents
3.2.1 Theoretical Background of Voltage Instability and
Its Causes ...................................................................................31
3.2.2 Few Relevant Analytical Methods and Indices for
Voltage Stability Assessment ...............................................33
3.2.2.1 The PV and VQ Curves for the Small System ....35
3.2.2.2 Singular Values .......................................................36
3.2.2.3 Eigenvalue Decomposition ...................................38
3.2.2.4 Modal Analysis .......................................................39
3.2.2.5 Voltage Stability Index L .......................................39
3.2.2.6 Fast Voltage Stability Index (FVSI) and Line
Quality Factor (LQF) ..............................................40
3.2.2.7 Global Voltage Stability Indicator ........................42
3.2.2.8 Voltage Collapse Proximity Indicator (VCPI) .....43
3.2.2.9 Proximity Indices of Voltage Collapse ................43
3.2.2.10 Identification of Weak Bus of Power Network ...44
3.2.2.11 Diagonal Element Ratio .........................................44
3.2.2.12 Line Voltage Stability Index ..................................45
3.2.2.13 Local Load Margin .................................................45
3.2.2.14 Voltage Ratio Index ................................................46
3.3 Theory of ANN ...................................................................................46
3.3.1 Attributes of ANNs ...............................................................47
3.3.1.1 Building Block of ANNs ........................................48
3.3.1.2 Building Layers of ANNs ......................................49
3.3.1.3 Structures of Neural Networks ............................51
3.3.1.4 Training Algorithms of Neural Networks ..........55
3.4 Analysis of Voltage Stability of Multi-Bus Power Network ..........56
3.4.1 Classical Analysis of Voltage Stability ................................56
3.4.2 Application of ANN on Voltage Stability Analysis ..........58
3.5 Summary ..............................................................................................64
Annotating Outline .......................................................................................64
4. Improvement of System Performances Using FACTS and HVDC .......67
4.1 Introduction .........................................................................................67
4.2 Development of FACTS Controllers .................................................68
4.2.1 Modeling of Shunt Compensating Device .........................71
4.2.1.1 Conventional Model of SVC .................................72
4.2.1.2 Shunt Variable Susceptance Model of SVC .........73
4.2.1.3 Firing Angle Model of SVC ...................................74
4.2.2 Modeling of Series Compensating Device .........................75
4.2.2.1 Variable Series Impedance Power Flow
Model of TCSC ........................................................75
4.2.2.2 Firing Angle Power Flow Model of TCSC ..........77
4.3 Prologue of High-Voltage Direct Current (HVDC) System ..........79
4.3.1 Modeling of DC Link ............................................................82