Electricity Information 2002

803 Pages·2002·3.04 MB·English

by  OECD

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INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY
AGENCE INTERNATIONALE DE L’ENERGIE
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ELECTRICITY
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with 2001 data
ELECTRICITY INFORMATION (2002 Edition) - iii
TABLE OF CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION...................................................................................................................................vii
PART I WORLD ELECTRICITY DEVELOPMENTS
SUMMARY.........................................................................................................................................................I.3
PRODUCTION AND INSTALLED CAPACITY...................................................................................................I.5
OECD Production and Installed Capacity...............................................................................................I.5
Hydroelectric Power.........................................................................................................................................I.7
Nuclear Power..................................................................................................................................................I.7
Geothermal, Solar, Tide, Wave and Wind Power.............................................................................................I.7
Combustible Fuels...........................................................................................................................................I.8
Coal.............................................................................................................................................................I.8
Oil................................................................................................................................................................I.8
Gas...............................................................................................................................................................I.9
Combustible Renewables and Wastes...............................................................................................................I.9
Heat Production Sold to Third Parties..............................................................................................................I.9
Direct Use of Heat..........................................................................................................................................I.10
Non-OECD Production............................................................................................................................I.10
Hydroelectric Power.......................................................................................................................................I.10
Nuclear Power................................................................................................................................................I.10
Geothermal, Solar, Tide, Wave and Wind Power...........................................................................................I.10
Combustible Fuels.........................................................................................................................................I.11
Coal...........................................................................................................................................................I.11
Oil..............................................................................................................................................................I.11
Gas.............................................................................................................................................................I.11
Heat Production Sold to Third Parties............................................................................................................I.11
OECD CONSUMPTION....................................................................................................................................I.12
Electricity Consumption..................................................................................................................................I.12
Sectoral Consumption of Electricity................................................................................................................I.12
Heat Consumption.........................................................................................................................................I.13
Market Shares................................................................................................................................................I.13
ELECTRICITY TRADE.....................................................................................................................................I.14
OECD Electricity Trade..................................................................................................................................I.14
Non-OECD Electricity Trade..........................................................................................................................I.15
OECD PRICES.................................................................................................................................................I.15
Electricity Prices for Industry..........................................................................................................................I.16
Electricity Prices for Households....................................................................................................................I.16
Prices of Competing Fuels.............................................................................................................................I.17
TRENDS IN THE OECD ELECTRICITY SECTOR...........................................................................................I.17
Energy and Electricity Intensity......................................................................................................................I.17
Electricity Production......................................................................................................................................I.18
Evolution in the Future...................................................................................................................................I.18
INVESTMENT AND SECURITY OF SUPPLY IN COMPETITIVE ELECTRICITY MARKETS........................I.19
Investment Performance................................................................................................................................I.19
Determinants of Investment...........................................................................................................................I.20
Role of Governments.....................................................................................................................................I.21
Capacity Mechanisms....................................................................................................................................I.21
A Look Forward..............................................................................................................................................I.21
Concluding Comments...................................................................................................................................I.22
DISTRIBUTED GENERATION IN LIBERALISED ELECTRICITY MARKETS................................................I.22
Distributed Generation Technologies.............................................................................................................I.22
Economics of Distributed Generation.............................................................................................................I.23
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iv - ELECTRICITY INFORMATION (2002 Edition)
Distributed Generation in Japan, the United States, the Netherlands and the United Kingdom....................I.25
Policy Issues..................................................................................................................................................I.26
Economic Efficiency.....................................................................................................................................I.27
Environmental Protection.............................................................................................................................I.27
Energy Security...........................................................................................................................................I.28
Future of Distributed Generation in Electricity Networks................................................................................I.29
Conclusions....................................................................................................................................................I.29
PART I LIST OF TABLES AND FIGURES
Tables:
1. OECD Electricity production, imports, exports, apparent consumption, 2001 (TWh) ..............................I.31
2 Electricity production, imports, exports, final consumption, 2000 (TWh) .................................................I.32
3. OECD Gross electricity production, by country, by fuel, 2001 (TWh).......................................................I.36
4. OECD Gross electricity production from combustible fuels, by country, 2001 (TWh)...............................I.37
5. OECD Gross heat production from combustible fuels, by country, 2001 (PJ)..........................................I.38
6. Gross electricity production, by country, by fuel, 2000 (TWh)...................................................................I.39
7. Gross electricity production from combustible fuels, by country, 2000 (TWh)..........................................I.43
8. Gross heat production from combustible fuels, by country 2000 (PJ).......................................................I.47
9. Fuel use for electricity and heat production, by country, 2000 (PJ) .........................................................I.50
10. Electricity production and consumption, OECD, 1960 - 2000 (TWh)........................................................I.54
11. Net maximum electricity capacity in public plants, OECD, by fuel, 1974 - 2000 (GW).............................I.55
12. Electricity generation and heat sold, OECD, 1974 - 2000........................................................................I.56
13. Electricity production from combustible fuels in electricity plants, OECD, 1980 - 2000............................I.57
14. Electricity and heat produced for sale from combustible fuels in CHP plants, OECD, 1980 - 2000.........I.58
15. Heat produced for sale from combustible fuels in heat plants, OECD, 1980 - 2000.................................I.59
16 IEA Electricity generating capacity, 2000 - 2020 (GW).............................................................................I.60
17. OECD Electricity consumption, by country, 1960 - 2000 (TWh)...............................................................I.62
18. Electricity consumption, OECD, by sector, 1973 - 2000 (TWh) ...............................................................I.63
19. Electricity consumption, OECD, by industry, 1973 - 2000 (TWh) ............................................................I.63
20. OECD Final consumption of heat, by country, 1980 - 2000 (Mtoe)..........................................................I.64
21. Final consumption of heat, OECD, by sector, 1980 - 2000 (per cent of total)...........................................I.65
22. Share of final consumption, OECD, by fuel, by sector, 2000 (per cent of total)........................................I.65
23. Final consumption, OECD, by fuel, by sector, average annual rate of growth (%), 1960 - 1973..............I.66
24. Final consumption, OECD, by fuel, by sector, average annual rate of growth (%), 1974 - 2000..............I.66
25. OECD Total electricity imports, by country, 1960 - 2001 (GWh) Preliminary............................................I.67
26. OECD Total electricity exports, by country, 1960 - 2001 (GWh) Preliminary............................................I.68
27. Electricity trade, 1960 - 2000 (GWh).........................................................................................................I.69
28. OECD: Indices of real energy prices for end-users (1995=100) ..............................................................I.70
29. USA: Indices of real energy prices for end-users (1995=100) .................................................................I.71
30. OECD-Europe: Indices of real energy prices for end-users (1995=100) .................................................I.72
31. Japan: Indices of real energy prices for end-users (1995=100) ...............................................................I.73
32. Electricity prices for industry in US dollars/kWh........................................................................................I.74
33. Electricity prices for industry in US dollars/toe..........................................................................................I.74
34. Electricity prices for households in US dollars/kWh..................................................................................I.75
35. Electricity prices for households in US dollars/toe....................................................................................I.75
36. Electricity prices for households in US dollars/kWh, converted with purchasing power parities...............I.76
37. Purchasing power parities, national currency/US dollars..........................................................................I.76
38. Heavy fuel oil prices for electricity generation in US dollars/tonne...........................................................I.77
39. Heavy fuel oil prices for electricity generation in US dollars/toe...............................................................I.77
40. Steam coal prices for electricity generation in US dollars/tonne...............................................................I.78
41. Steam coal prices for electricity generation in US dollars/toe...................................................................I.78
42. Natural gas prices for electricity generation in US dollars/107 kcal, gross calorific value basis................I.79
43. Natural gas prices for electricity generation in US dollars/toe, net calorific value basis...........................I.79
44. US dollar exchange rates in national currencies.......................................................................................I.80
INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY
ELECTRICITY INFORMATION (2002 Edition) - v
Figures:
1. Indices of real energy end-use prices, OECD...........................................................................................I.81
2. Indices of real energy end-use prices, Japan...........................................................................................I.81
3. Indices or real energy end-use prices, United States...............................................................................I.82
4. Indices of real energy end-use prices, OECD Europe..............................................................................I.82
World electricity and energy production............................................................................................................I.83
OECD Electricity production by fuel, by country......................................................................................I.84 - I.89
PART II OECD ELECTRICITY DATA AND PROJECTIONS
Directory of Part II Tables...............................................................................................................................II.3
Principles and Definitions...............................................................................................................................II.5
Conversions.....................................................................................................................................................II.27
Country Specific Net Calorific Values..............................................................................................................II.29
OECD Total......................................................................................................................................................II.35
OECD North America.......................................................................................................................................II.49
OECD/IEA Pacific............................................................................................................................................II.63
OECD Europe..................................................................................................................................................II.75
IEA Total..........................................................................................................................................................II.89
IEA North America.........................................................................................................................................II.103
IEA Europe.....................................................................................................................................................II.117
European Union.............................................................................................................................................II.131
Australia.........................................................................................................................................................II.145
Austria............................................................................................................................................................II.163
Belgium..........................................................................................................................................................II.183
Canada..........................................................................................................................................................II.203
Czech Republic..............................................................................................................................................II.221
Denmark........................................................................................................................................................II.241
Finland...........................................................................................................................................................II.261
France............................................................................................................................................................II.281
Germany........................................................................................................................................................II.301
Greece...........................................................................................................................................................II.321
Hungary.........................................................................................................................................................II.341
Iceland...........................................................................................................................................................II.361
Ireland............................................................................................................................................................II.377
Italy ...............................................................................................................................................................II.395
Japan.............................................................................................................................................................II.415
Korea.............................................................................................................................................................II.433
Luxembourg...................................................................................................................................................II.451
Mexico............................................................................................................................................................II.471
Netherlands....................................................................................................................................................II.489
New Zealand..................................................................................................................................................II.509
Norway...........................................................................................................................................................II.525
Poland............................................................................................................................................................II.545
Portugal..........................................................................................................................................................II.565
Slovak Republic.............................................................................................................................................II.585
Spain..............................................................................................................................................................II.603
Sweden..........................................................................................................................................................II.623
Switzerland....................................................................................................................................................II.643
Turkey............................................................................................................................................................II.661
United Kingdom.............................................................................................................................................II.679
United States.................................................................................................................................................II.699
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vi - ELECTRICITY INFORMATION (2002 Edition)
Units and Technical Abbreviations
Mega : = M = 106
Giga : = G = 109
Tera : = T = 1012
Peta : = P = 1015
GW : Gigawatt
GWh : Gigawatt hour
1 GWh : = 3.6 Terajoules
GCV : Gross calorific value
kcal : kilocalories (103 calories)
kW : kilowatt
kWh : kilowatt hour
Mt : million metric tons
t : metric ton = tonne
Mtoe : million metric tons of oil equivalent
MW : Megawatt (electric)
MWh : Megawatt hour
.. : not available
e : estimated data
c : confidential data
x : not applicable
NCV : Net calorific value
$ : U.S. dollars (unless otherwise specified)
TFC : Total Final Consumption
toe : tons of oil equivalent
1 toe : = 41.868 GJ = 107 kCal
TJ : Terajoule (1012 joules)
TPES : Total Primary Energy Supply
TW : Terawatt
TWh : Terawatt hour
1 TWh : = 3.6 Petajoules
INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY
ELECTRICITY INFORMATION (2002 Edition) - vii
INTRODUCTION
IEA Electricity Information 2002 is an annual OECD data are based on historical series of energy
publication that has been produced to provide both supply and demand statistics that have been
Member countries of the OECD and those employed submitted by individual OECD Member countries in
in all sectors of the electricity industry with consultation with the Secretariat. Price data in Part I
information on current and historical trends and are derived from IEA/OECD Energy Prices and
prospects. It brings together in one volume the basic Taxes. Readers should consult this publication for
statistics compiled by the IEA on electricity and heat
detailed information on data coverage and sources.
production. It also includes information on installed
Part II provides, in tabular form, a more detailed and
capacity, consumption, trade and prices.
comprehensive picture of the power and heat
Data reported for 2001 (shown as 2001P) in this
industry developments for OECD Member countries
publication are preliminary, hence reported here as
and future prospects for the IEA by region and for
estimates, as they are based on the submissions
individual IEA Member countries.
received in early 2001 and on monthly submissions
For the most part, the historical data in Part II are
to the IEA from Member countries. Detailed data
derived from IEA/OECD Energy Balances of
for 2001 on fuels used for electricity and heat
OECD Countries. Projections in Part II are based
production and on final consumption at an industry
on annual submissions from IEA Member countries
level are not available at the time of going to press.
or Secretariat estimates. Footnotes on individual
Final 2001 data on electricity and heat will be
tables and the notes in Principles and Definitions in
reported to the IEA in the Annual Questionnaire on
Part II provide more information on Secretariat
Electricity and Heat in late 2002. Accordingly,
estimates and projections.
comprehensive data for 2001 and preliminary 2002
data will be published in Electricity Information Important information that will also assist the reader
2003 in mid-2003. to correctly use the data in this publication is
included in the footnotes on individual tables.
Part I of the publication provides a statistical
Where comparisons are not meaningful because of
overview of developments in the markets for
the absence of data or because of a break in series,
electricity and heat in the OECD. The publication
they have been omitted.
also includes some statistics on Non-OECD
countries’ electricity production, imports and This publication includes for the second time data
for the Slovak Republic, which joined the OECD on
exports and heat production. The Non-OECD data
14 December 2000. There may be some breaks in
are based upon information collected by the IEA
the series until the national administration has had a
Secretariat that is published in Energy Balances of
chance to review the time series currently included
Non-OECD Countries and Energy Statistics of Non-
in the IEA databases.
OECD Countries. Users of this publication are
directed to the Methodology Section of those The OECD has 30 Member countries. Energy data
publications for more detail on individual non- for all Member countries are presented in Part II and
member countries covered in the publication. The included in all OECD totals or regional aggregates.
INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY
viii - ELECTRICITY INFORMATION (2002 Edition)
The IEA has 26 Member countries; Iceland, Mexico, In addition, a data service is available on the
Poland and the Slovak Republic are Members of the internet. It includes unlimited access through an
OECD but not of the IEA. Projections of energy annual subscription as well as the possibility to
supply and demand are only available for individual obtain data on a pay-per-view basis. Details are
IEA Members and the IEA as a whole. Although available at http://www.iea.org.
Iceland is not an IEA Member country, energy
Further information on reporting methodologies is
projections are submitted to the Secretariat.
also available on the IEA Web site.
The annual historical data in this report are taken
from the IEA/OECD databases of Energy Statistics Energy data on OECD are collected from OECD
that are based on annual submissions from OECD Member countries by the team in the Energy
Member countries. Once received by the Energy Statistics Division (ESD) of the IEA Secretariat,
Statistics Division of the IEA Secretariat, these headed by Mr. Jean-Yves Garnier. OECD electricity
“official” data are carefully checked for arithmetic statistics in ESD were the responsibility of
errors, for consistency with historical data and Mr. Marco Baroni. Mr. Lawrence Metzroth had
various national publications, and for consistency
overall editorial responsibility. Secretarial support
with IEA product definitions and reporting
from Mrs. Susan Stolarow and Ms. Diana Browne is
conventions. All errors and apparent inconsistencies
also gratefully acknowledged.
or anomalies are referred to national administrations
before data are considered final and stored in the Also in the IEA Secretariat, thanks are due to
IEA’s energy databases. If it is necessary for the Mr. Peter Fraser and Mr. Carlos Ocaña (IEA Energy
IEA Secretariat to estimate data, these estimates are Diversification) for their contribution to Part I of the
also referred to the relevant Member country for publication.
review before being finalised by the Secretariat.
Enquiries, comments and suggestions are welcome
Footnotes on individual tables and the notes in and should be addressed to:
Principles and Definitions in Part II provide more
Lawrence Metzroth or Marco Baroni
information on Secretariat estimates and projections,
Energy Statistics Division
and IEA statistical methods and procedures. In
addition, calorific values and exchange rates used International Energy Agency
for preparing national energy balances and the 9, rue de la Fédération,
reporting of prices in US dollars are presented. All 75739 Paris Cedex 15, France
units are metric, unless specified.
Tel: [phone]
All of Part II tables and selected tables from Part I Fax: [phone]
are available on CD-ROM. Information on ordering E-mail: [email protected]
CD-ROM is available at the end of this book. [email protected]
INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY
ELECTRICITY INFORMATION (2002 Edition) PART I - I.1
PART I
WORLD ELECTRICITY DEVELOPMENTS
INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY
ELECTRICITY INFORMATION (2002 Edition) PART I - I.3
WORLD ELECTRICITY DEVELOPMENTS
SUMMARY In 2000, total OECD heat production which was
sold to third parties by public and autoproducers
was 2656 PJ, a decrease of 3.1% from 1999
Production
(Table 12). Over 57% of this heat (1524 PJ) was
Between 1979 and 2000, world electricity produced in CHP plants, about 43% (1132 PJ) in
production has increased from 8036 TWh to heat plants. About 23% of the reported 2000 heat
15454 TWh. The average annual growth rate during production was in OECD Member countries.
that time span is 3.2%. In 1979, 69.1% of electricity
Non-OECD Production
production was in countries that are currently
members of the OECD. In 2000, 62.8% of While there are no complete statistics available on
electricity production was in OECD countries. electricity production in all Non-OECD countries
The increase of electricity production share of Non- for 2001, data are available for 2000. Gross
OECD countries reflects the higher average growth electricity production in 2000 in Non-OECD
rate which has prevailed since 1979. In the last 22 countries was 5754 TWh, an increase of 5.5% from
years, electricity production has increased at an the 1999 level (Table 2). Non-OECD electricity
annual rate of 3.8% in Non-OECD countries while production grew at a much faster rate than OECD
in OECD countries the annual growth rate during electricity production in 2000, which increased only
the same period is 2.6% 3.5%.
In 2000, 64.1% of electricity production was from
In 2000, 70.4% of Non-OECD electricity production
generating plants burning fossil fuel. Hydro plants
was generated with fossil fuels, 22.9% was provided
provided 17.5%, nuclear plants 16.8%, combustible
with hydro plants, 6.0% with nuclear plants and
renewables and wastes 1.1%, and geothermal, solar,
0.3% respectively from combustible renewables, and
wind, etc. 0.5% (Table 6).
geothermal/solar/wind capacity (Table 6).
World heat production which was sold to third
In 2000 total Non-OECD heat production which was
parties reached 11806 PJ in 2000, a decrease of
sold to third parties was nearly 9150 PJ—a decline
0.8% from the level reported in 1999.
of 0.1% from the 1999 reported level. Nearly 78%
OECD Production
of the heat production reported for the world was in
Gross electricity production in 2001 in the OECD Non-OECD countries.
(including generation from pumped storage plants)
was 9713 TWh, a rise of 0.1% from the level of Consumption
gross production in 2000 (Tables 1 and 2).
OECD Consumption
Nuclear plants accounted for 23.6% of total gross
electricity production in 2001, hydroelectric plants Based on preliminary data, 2001 apparent
13.4%, fossil-fuelled plants 60.8%, combustible consumption of electricity (gross production plus
renewables and waste plants 1.6% and geothermal, imports less exports) in OECD was 9722 TWh. The
solar and wind plants 0.7% (Table 3). corresponding figure for 2000 was 9699 TWh,
INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY
I.4 - ELECTRICITY INFORMATION (2002 Edition) PART I
indicating a rise of 0.2% in apparent electricity In 2001, preliminary data suggest that OECD
consumption in OECD countries in 2001. countries imported nearly 334 TWh, and exported
over 324 TWh, resulting in net imports of over
In 2000 final consumption, which is equal to
9 TWh to OECD countries.
production and imports less exports, own use, other
use, transmission losses and energy sector Non-OECD Trade
consumption, was 8261 TWh (Table 2). This
In 2000, Non-OECD countries imported nearly
represents an increase of 5.6% in final consumption
150 TWh and exported nearly 151 TWh. The
compared to 2000.
resulting net exports amounted to over 1 TWh.
Non-OECD Consumption
OECD Prices
In 2000, final consumption in Non-OECD countries
reached 4403 TWh, compared to 4169 TWh in
Real electricity prices (as measured by the indices of
1999. This represents an increase of 5.6% for Non-
real energy prices) in the OECD rose in 2001 from
OECD final consumption in 2000.
2000 levels for both industry and household end-
users (Table 28). Prices rose by 3.2% for industry
Trade
and 0.8% for households. The average price for
both sectors rose for the first time since 1991 at an
Often, countries use electricity trade as a
annual average rate of 2.3%.
“balancing” item when reported electricity flows.
This leads to some distortion of import and export Electricity prices for industrial consumers vary
data. In addition, the transmission and distribution widely across OECD countries. Based on data that
line loss between net importers and net exporters is are available for 2001, prices varied from
difficult to determine. Both of these factors lead to 2.2 US cents per kWh in New Zealand to
the differences between reported net imports for 7.9 US cents per kWh in Switzerland.
OECD countries and reported net exports for Non-
Electricity prices for residential consumers also vary
OECD countries.
widely across OECD countries. Based on data that
OECD Trade are available for 2001, prices varied from
5.7 US cents per kWh in New Zealand to
OECD countries imported nearly 338 TWh of
19.5 US cents per kWh in Denmark. In 2000, the
electricity in 2000 (including from other OECD
countries) and exported over 338 TWh (including to average household price for OECD was
other OECD countries). Accordingly, net exports of 10.5 US cents per kWh, and for industry was
electricity in 2000 amounted to about 0.4 TWh. 4.7 US cents per kWh.
INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY