Electricity for Refrigeration, Heating and Air Conditioning, Eighth Edition

740 Pages·2011·0.48 MB·English

by  Russell E. Smith

This is an electronic version of the print textbook. Due to electronic rights
restrictions, some third party content may be suppressed. Editorial
review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially
a ffect the overall learning experience. The publisher reserves the
right to remove content from this title at any time if subsequent
rights restrictions require it. For valuable information on pricing, previous
editions, changes to current editions, and alternate formats, please visit
w ww.cengage.com/highered to search by ISBN#, author, title, or keyword
for materials in your areas of interest.

Copyright 2010 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).
Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
5522660099__0000__ffmm__ppii--ppxxxxvvii..iinndddd iiii 22//11//1100 1111::3377::4433 PPMM
Electricity for
Refrigeration, Heating,
and Air Conditioning
Eighth Edition
Russell E. Smith
Athens Technical College
Australia • Brazil • Japan • Korea • Mexico • Singapore • Spain • United Kingdom • United States
Copyright 2010 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).
Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
3388774400__0000__ffmm__ppii--xx..iinndddd ii 0011//0066//1100 66::0099 PPMM
Electricity for Refrigeration, Heating, © 2011, 2007 Delmar, Cengage Learning
and Air Conditioning, Eighth Edition
ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. No part of this work covered by the copyright herein may be
Russell E. Smith, Athens
reproduced, transmitted, stored, or used in any form or by any means graphic, electronic, or
Technical College
mechanical, including but not limited to photocopying, recording, scanning, digitizing, taping,
Vice President, Career and Professional Web distribution, information networks, or information storage and retrieval systems, except
Editorial: Dave Garza as permitted under Section 107 or 108 of the 1976 United States Copyright Act, without the
prior written permission of the publisher.
Director of Learning Solutions:
Sandy Clark
Senior Acquisitions Editor: For product information and technology assistance, contact us at
James DeVoe Professional Group Cengage Learning Customer & Sales Support, 1-800-354-9706
Managing Editor: Larry Main For permission to use material from this text or product, submit all requests online at
Senior Product Manager: John Fisher www.cengage.com/permissions.Further permissions questions can be e-mailed to
Editorial Assistant: Cris Savino [email protected]
Vice President, Career and Professional
Marketing: Jennifer McAvey Library of Congress Control Number: 2010925357
Marketing Director: Deborah Yarnell
ISBN-13: 978-1-1110-3874-8
Marketing Manager: Katie Hall
ISBN-10: 1-1110-3874-0
Marketing Coordinator: Mark Pierro
Production Director: Wendy Troeger Delmar Cengage Learning
5 Maxwell Drive
Production Manager: Mark Bernard
Clifton Park, NY 12065-2919
Content Project Manager: USA
David Plagenza
Senior Art Director: Casey Kirchmayer Cengage Learning is a leading provider of customized learning solutions with offi ce
Technology Project Manager: locations around the globe, including Singapore, the United Kingdom, Australia, Mexico, Brazil
Joe Pliss and Japan. Locate your local offi ce at: international.cengage.com/region
Cengage Learning products are represented in Canada by
Nelson Education, Ltd.
For your lifelong learning solutions, visit delmar.cengage.com
Visit our corporate website at cengage.com
NOTICE TO THE READER
Publisher does not warrant or guarantee any of the products described herein or perform
any independent analysis in connection with any of the product information contained
herein. Publisher does not assume, and expressly disclaims, any obligation to obtain and
include information other than that provided to it by the manufacturer. The reader is
expressly warned to consider and adopt all safety precautions that might be indicated
ber
by the activities described herein and to avoid all potential hazards. By following the
instructions contained herein, the reader willingly assumes all risks in connection
with such instructions. The publisher makes no representations or warranties of any
kind, including but not limited to, the warranties of fi tness for particular purpose or
merchantability, nor are any such representations implied with respect to the material
set forth herein, and the publisher takes no responsibility with respect to such material.
The publisher shall not be liable for any special, consequential, or exemplary damages
resulting, in whole or part, from the readers’ use of, or reliance upon, this material.
Printed in the United States
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 14 13 12 11 10
Copyright 2010 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).
Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
3388774400__0000__ffmm__ppii--xx..iinndddd iiii 0011//0066//1100 66::0099 PPMM
1019763_FM_VOL-I.qxp 9/17/07 4:22 PM Page viii
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
S 50
R 51
1st Pass Pages
1019763_FM_VOL-I.qxp 9/17/07 4:22 PM Page viii
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
S 50
R 51
1st Pass Pages
Table of Contents
Preface iii
Preface vi
1 Electrical Safety 1
Objectives 1 Key Terms 1 Introduction 2 1.1 Electrical Injuries 3 1.2 Dealing with Shock Victims 7
1.3 National Electrical Code® 7 1.4 Electrical Grounding 8 1.5 Circuit Protection 11 1.6 Circuit Lockout
Procedures 13 1.7 Electrical Safety Guidelines 15 Summary 16 Review Questions 17
2 Basic Electricity 19
Objectives 19 Key Terms 19 Introduction 20 2.1 Atomic Theory 20 2.2 Positive and Negative
Charges 22 2.3 Flow of Electrons 23 2.4 Conductors and Insulators 26 2.5 Electric Potential 27
2.6 Current Flow 28 2.7 Resistance 29 2.8 Electric Power and Energy 30 2.9 Ohm’s Law 33
2.10 Calculating Electric Power 35 Summary 36 Review Questions 38
3 Electric Circuits 40
Objectives 40 Key Terms 41 Introduction 41 3.1 Basic Concepts of Electric Circuits 41 3.2 Series
Circuits 43 3.3 Parallel Circuits 47 3.4 Series-Parallel Circuits 51 Summary 53 Review Questions 54
4 Electric Meters 56
Objectives 56 Key Terms 57 Introduction 57 4.1 Electric Meters 58 4.2 Ammeters 64
4.3 Voltmeters 68 4.4 Ohmmeters 71 Summary 76 Review Questions 77
5 Components, Symbols, and Circuitry of Air-Conditioning
Wiring Diagrams 79
Objectives 79 Key Terms 80 Introduction 80 5.1 Loads 81 5.2 Contactors and Relays 85
5.3 Magnetic Starters 88 5.4 Switches 89 5.5 Safety Devices 93 5.6 Transformers 95
5.7 Schematic Diagrams 96 5.8 Pictorial Diagrams 97 5.9 Installation Diagrams 97
Summary 101 Review Questions 102
6 Reading Schematic Diagrams 105
Objectives 105 Key Terms 106 Introduction 106 6.1 Schematic Diagram Design 108 6.2 Reading
Basic Schematic Diagrams 112 6.3 Reading Advanced Schematic Diagrams 133 Summary 172
Review Questions 173
7 Alternating Current, Power Distribution, and Voltage Systems 175
Objectives 175 Key Terms 175 Introduction 176 7.1 Basic Concepts of Alternating Current 176
7.2 Power Distribution 182 7.3 240-Volt–Single-Phase–60-Hertz Systems 183 7.4 Three-Phase Voltage
Systems 185 7.5 240-Volt–Three-Phase–60-Hertz Delta System 185 7.6 208-Volt–Three-Phase–60-Hertz
Wye System 187 7.7 Higher-Voltage Systems 188 Summary 191 Review Questions 192
iii
Copyright 2010 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).
Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
3388774400__0000__ffmm__ppii--xx..iinndddd iiiiii 0011//0066//1100 66::0099 PPMM
IV Table of Contents
8 Installation of Heating, Cooling, and Refrigeration Systems 194
Objectives 194 Key Terms 194 Introduction 195 8.1 Sizing Wire 195 8.2 Disconnect Switches 204
8.3 Fusible Load Centers 207 8.4 Breaker Panels 208 8.5 Distribution Centers 211 8.6 Installing
Electrical Circuits for Refrigeration, Heating, and Air-Conditioning Equipment 213 Summary 218
Review Questions 219
9 Basic Electric Motors 221
Objectives 221 Key Terms 222 Introduction 222 9.1 Magnetism 222 9.2 Basic Electric Motors 226
9.3 Types of Electric Motors 228 9.4 Shaded-Pole Motors 231 9.5 Capacitors 235
9.6 Split-Phase Motors 240 9.7 Permanent Split-Capacitor Motors 246 9.8 Capacitor-Start–Capacitor-Run
Motors 249 9.9 Three-Phase Motors 251 9.10 Electronically Commutated Motors 253
9.11 Hermetic Compressor Motors 259 9.12 Service Call Protocol 270 9.13 Service Calls 272
Summary 279 Review Questions 281 Practice Service Calls 284
10 Components for Electric Motors 287
Objectives 287 Key Terms 287 Introduction 288 10.1 Starting Relays for Single-Phase Motors 288
10.2 Current or Amperage Relays 289 10.3 Potential Relays 291 10.4 Solid-State Starting Relays and
Devices 297 10.5 Motor Bearings 303 10.6 Motor Drives 305 10.7 Service Calls 309 Summary 315
Review Questions 316 Practice Service Calls 318
11 Contactors, Relays, and Overloads 321
Objectives 321 Key Terms 322 Introduction 322 11.1 Contactors 323 11.2 Relays 328
11.3 Overloads 334 11.4 Magnetic Starters 343 11.5 Push-Button Stations 346 11.6 Service Calls 347
Summary 352 Review Questions 354 Practice Service Calls 356
12 Thermostats, Pressure Switches, and Other Electric Control Devices 358
Objectives 358 Key Terms 359 Introduction 359 12.1 Transformers 360 12.2 Thermostats 362
12.3 Staging Thermostats 378 12.4 Programmable Thermostats 381 12.5 Pressure Switches 384
12.6 Miscellaneous Electric Components 389 12.7 Service Calls 393 Summary 398 Review Questions 399
Practice Service Calls 402
13 Electronic Control Devices 405
Objectives 405 Key Terms 405 Introduction 406 13.1 Electronic System Components 408
13.2 Basic Electronic Control Fundamentals 413 13.3 Simple Electronic Temperature Control 414
13.4 One-Function Electronic Controls 415 13.5 Electronic Timers 415 13.6 Electronic Devices for Electric
Motors 418 13.7 Electronic Motor Protection Devices 418 13.8 Heat Pump Electronic Modules 420
13.9 Electronic Control Modules for Residential Gas Furnaces 423 13.10 Oil Furnace Electronic Controls 428
13.11 Troubleshooting Electric Controls 428 Summary 430 Review Questions 432
14 Heating Control Devices 434
Objectives 434 Key Terms 434 Introduction 435 14.1 Heating Fundamentals 436 14.2 Basic Heating
Controls 438 14.3 Gas Heating Controls 447 14.4 Oil Heating Controls 461 14.5 Electric Heating
Controls 469 14.6 Hydronic and Steam Controls 470 14.7 Service Calls 474 Summary 479 Review
Questions 481 Practice Service Calls 483
Copyright 2010 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).
Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
3388774400__0000__ffmm__ppii--xx..iinndddd iivv 0011//0066//1100 66::0099 PPMM
Table of Contents v
15 Troubleshooting Electric Control Devices 485
Objectives 485 Key Terms 485 Introduction 486 15.1 Electric Motors 486 15.2 Contactors
and Relays 488 15.3 Overloads 490 15.4 Thermostats 496 15.5 Pressure Switches 500
15.6 Transformers 501 15.7 Electric Heating Controls 502 15.8 Gas Heating Controls 505
15.9 Oil Heating Controls 513 15.10 Service Calls 519 Summary 525 Review Questions 527
Practice Service Calls 529
16 Residential Air-Conditioning Control Systems 536
Objectives 536 Key Terms 537 Introduction 537 16.1 Residential Air-Conditioning Equipment 539
16.2 Basic Residential Control Circuitry 544 16.3 Packaged Air-Conditioning Control Systems 556
16.4 Split-System Air-Conditioning Control Systems 565 16.5 Heat Pump Control Systems 571
16.6 Heat Pump Sequence of Operation 580 16.7 Advanced Residential Control Systems 584
16.8 Field Wiring 590 16.9 Check, Test, and Start Procedures 598 16.10 Customer Relations 599
Summary 603 Review Questions 605
17 Commercial and Industrial Air-Conditioning Control Systems 607
Objectives 607 Key Terms 607 Introduction 608 17.1 Commercial and Industrial Heating and
Air-Conditioning Equipment 609 17.2 Commercial and Industrial Control Circuitry 614 17.3 Commercial
Condensing Unit 621 17.4 Commercial and Industrial Packaged Units 624 17.5 Air-Cooled Packaged Unit
with Remote Condenser 627 17.6 Water-Cooled Packaged Units 631 17.7 Types of Total Commercial
and Industrial Controls Systems 632 17.8 Pneumatic Control Systems 635 17.9 Electronic Control Systems
(Direct Digital Controls) 643 Summary 647 Review Questions 650
18 T roubleshooting Modern Refrigeration, Heating, and Air-Conditioning Control
Circuitry and Systems 654
Objectives 654 Key Terms 655 Introduction 655 18.1 Diagnosis of Electrical Components 656
18.2 Troubleshooting Tools 658 18.3 Troubleshooting with Electrical Meters 665
18.4 Using Troubleshooting Charts 674 18.5 Hopscotching: A Useful Tool for Troubleshooting 676
18.6 Troubleshooting Control Systems 688 18.7 Service Calls 692 Summary 698 Review Questions 700
Practice Service Calls 703
Appendix A 707
Appendix B 708
Glossary 709
Index 718
Copyright 2010 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).
Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
3388774400__0000__ffmm__ppii--xx..iinndddd vv 0011//0066//1100 66::0099 PPMM
Preface
Electricity for Refrigeration, Heating, and Air they work. Troubleshooting control systems
Conditioning was initially written because should be the objective of most students and
there was no text that adequately covered the industry personnel using this text and is cov-
electrical principles and practices required of ered in detail.
an installation or service technician in the
refrigeration, heating, and air-conditioning
FEATURES OF THIS EDITION
industry. Much material has been added to
this text since the first edition because of the There are new features as well as existing
advancements that have been made in the features of this text that are advantages to
industry such as electronic control devices, students and instructors alike. Each chapter
digital thermostats, digital electrical meters, begins with objectives that should be mas-
intermittent ignition for furnaces, electroni- tered as the student progresses through each
cally commutated motors, direct digital con- chapter. Key terms are emphasized at the
trol systems, and many more. This text is beginning of each chapter in order for the stu-
written with a blend of theory and practice dent to know what information is ahead, and
suitable for the vocational/technical student the key terms are highlighted in color in the
or the industry practitioner who wishes to body of the text. Each chapter is concluded
upgrade his or her knowledge and skills. The with a summary that allows the student to
purpose of this text is to assemble concepts review information that has been covered in
and procedures that will enable the reader to the chapter. Many chapters use service calls
work successfully in the industry. to reinforce service procedures that are com-
monly used in the industry along with some
procedures that the student has the oppor-
ORGANIZATION
tunity to solve. Important elements of the
It is difficult to organize an electrical text text are highlighted in color in this edition,
to be used in refrigeration, heating, and air- including circuits that are being discussed
conditioning programs in educational insti- and important concepts and safety cautions.
tutions because of the many different types In the back of the text, there is a reference
of programs and the variety of the delivery chart of electrical symbols including switches,
of information. The information covered in thermostats, contactors, and relays, and other
this text is organized from the very basics to electric devices.
the circuitry and troubleshooting of control
systems in the industry. The organization is
NEW IN THIS EDITION
industry driven because of the correlation of
industry standards and the many new devel- The art in this edition will be in full color
opments that continue to be made. Electrical with many of the diagrams showing modes
devices are covered in detail in a systematic of operation highlighted in different colors.
order with the troubleshooting of the com- Color photographs will give the reader a
ponents following an explanation of how more realistic view of what components and
vi
Copyright 2010 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).
Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
3388774400__0000__ffmm__ppii--xx..iinndddd vvii 0011//0066//1100 66::0099 PPMM