Table Of Content

IETPOWER AND ENERGYSERIES 157 Electrical Steels Othervolumesinthisseries: Volume1 PowerCircuitBreakerTheoryandDesignC.H.Flurscheim(Editor) Volume4 IndustrialMicrowaveHeatingA.C.MetaxasandR.J.Meredith Volume7 InsulatorsforHighVoltagesJ.S.T.Looms Volume8 VariableFrequencyACMotorDriveSystemsD.Finney Volume10 SF SwitchgearH.M.RyanandG.R.Jones 6 Volume11 ConductionandInductionHeatingE.J.Davies Volume13 StatisticalTechniquesforHighVoltageEngineeringW.Hauschildand W.Mosch Volume14 UninterruptiblePowerSuppliesJ.PlattsandJ.D.StAubyn(Editors) Volume15 DigitalProtectionforPowerSystemsA.T.JohnsandS.K.Salman Volume16 ElectricityEconomicsandPlanningT.W.Berrie Volume18 VacuumSwitchgearA.Greenwood Volume19 ElectricalSafety:AguidetocausesandpreventionofhazardsJ.Maxwell Adams Volume21 ElectricityDistributionNetworkDesign,2ndEditionE.Lakerviand E.J.Holmes Volume22 ArtificialIntelligenceTechniquesinPowerSystemsK.Warwick,A.O.Ekwue andR.Aggarwal(Editors) Volume24 PowerSystemCommissioningandMaintenancePracticeK.Harker Volume25 Engineers’HandbookofIndustrialMicrowaveHeatingR.J.Meredith Volume26 SmallElectricMotorsH.Moczalaetal. Volume27 AC–DCPowerSystemAnalysisJ.ArrillagaandB.C.Smith Volume29 HighVoltageDirectCurrentTransmission,2ndEditionJ.Arrillaga Volume30 FlexibleACTransmissionSystems(FACTS)Y.-H.Song(Editor) Volume31 EmbeddedgenerationN.Jenkinsetal. Volume32 HighVoltageEngineeringandTesting,2ndEditionH.M.Ryan(Editor) Volume33 OvervoltageProtectionofLow-VoltageSystems,RevisedEditionP.Hasse Volume36 VoltageQualityinElectricalPowerSystemsJ.Schlabbachetal. Volume37 ElectricalSteelsforRotatingMachinesP.Beckley Volume38 TheElectricCar:Developmentandfutureofbattery,hybridandfuel-cell carsM.Westbrook Volume39 PowerSystemsElectromagneticTransientsSimulationJ.Arrillagaand N.Watson Volume40 AdvancesinHighVoltageEngineeringM.HaddadandD.Warne Volume41 ElectricalOperationofElectrostaticPrecipitatorsK.Parker Volume43 ThermalPowerPlantSimulationandControlD.Flynn Volume44 EconomicEvaluationofProjectsintheElectricitySupplyIndustry H.Khatib Volume45 PropulsionSystemsforHybridVehiclesJ.Miller Volume46 DistributionSwitchgearS.Stewart Volume47 ProtectionofElectricityDistributionNetworks,2ndEditionJ.Gersand E.Holmes Volume48 WoodPoleOverheadLinesB.Wareing Volume49 ElectricFuses,3rdEditionA.WrightandG.Newbery Volume50 WindPowerIntegration:Connectionandsystemoperationalaspects B.Foxetal. Volume51 ShortCircuitCurrentsJ.Schlabbach Volume52 NuclearPowerJ.Wood Volume53 ConditionAssessmentofHighVoltageInsulationinPowerSystem EquipmentR.E.JamesandQ.Su Volume55 LocalEnergy:DistributedgenerationofheatandpowerJ.Wood Volume56 ConditionMonitoringofRotatingElectricalMachinesP.Tavner,L.Ran, J.PenmanandH.Sedding Volume57 TheControlTechniquesDrivesandControlsHandbook,2ndEdition B.Drury Volume58 LightningProtectionV.Cooray(Editor) Volume59 UltracapacitorApplicationsJ.M.Miller Volume62 LightningElectromagneticsV.Cooray Volume63 EnergyStorageforPowerSystems,2ndEditionA.Ter-Gazarian Volume65 ProtectionofElectricityDistributionNetworks,3rdEditionJ.Gers Volume66 HighVoltageEngineeringTesting,3rdEditionH.Ryan(Editor) Volume67 MulticoreSimulationofPowerSystemTransientsF.M.Uriate Volume68 DistributionSystemAnalysisandAutomationJ.Gers Volume69 TheLighteningFlash,2ndEditionV.Cooray(Editor) Volume70 EconomicEvaluationofProjectsintheElectricitySupplyIndustry, 3rdEditionH.Khatib Volume72 ControlCircuitsinPowerElectronics:Practicalissuesindesignand implementationM.Castilla(Editor) Volume73 WideAreaMonitoring,ProtectionandControlSystems:Theenablerfor smartergridsA.VaccaroandA.Zobaa(Editors) Volume74 PowerElectronicConvertersandSystems:Frontiersandapplications A.M.Trzynadlowski(Editor) Volume75 PowerDistributionAutomationB.Das(Editor) Volume76 PowerSystemStability:Modelling,analysisandcontrolB.OmP.Malik Volume78 NumericalAnalysisofPowerSystemTransientsandDynamicsA.Ametani (Editor) Volume79 Vehicle-to-Grid:LinkingelectricvehiclestothesmartgridJ.Luand J.Hossain(Editors) Volume81 Cyber-Physical-SocialSystemsandConstructsinElectricPower EngineeringS.Suryanarayanan,R.RocheandT.M.Hansen(Editors) Volume82 PeriodicControlofPowerElectronicConvertersF.Blaabjerg,K.Zhou, D.WangandY.Yang Volume86 AdvancesinPowerSystemModelling,ControlandStabilityAnalysis F.Milano(Editor) Volume87 Cogeneration:Technologies,optimisationandimplementation C.A.Frangopoulos(Editor) Volume88 SmarterEnergy:FromsmartmeteringtothesmartgridH.Sun, N.Hatziargyriou,H.V.Poor,L.CarpaniniandM.A.Sa´nchezFornie´ (Editors) Volume89 HydrogenProduction,SeparationandPurificationforEnergyA.Basile, F.Dalena,J.TongandT.N.Vezirog˘lu(Editors) Volume90 CleanEnergyMicrogridsS.ObaraandJ.Morel(Editors) Volume91 FuzzyLogicControlinEnergySystemswithDesignApplicationsin MATLAB‡/Simulink‡˙I.H.Altas¸ Volume92 PowerQualityinFutureElectricalPowerSystemsA.F.Zobaaand S.H.E.A.Aleem(Editors) Volume93 CogenerationandDistrictEnergySystems:Modelling,analysisand optimizationM.A.RosenandS.Koohi-Fayegh Volume94 IntroductiontotheSmartGrid:Concepts,technologiesandevolution S.K.Salman Volume95 Communication,ControlandSecurityChallengesfortheSmartGrid S.M.MuyeenandS.Rahman(Editors) Volume96 IndustrialPowerSystemswithDistributedandEmbeddedGeneration R.Belu Volume97 SynchronizedPhasorMeasurementsforSmartGridsM.J.B.Reddyand D.K.Mohanta(Editors) Volume98 LargeScaleGridIntegrationofRenewableEnergySourcesA.Moreno- Munoz(Editor) Volume100 ModelingandDynamicBehaviourofHydropowerPlantsN.Kishorand J.Fraile-Ardanuy(Editors) Volume101 MethaneandHydrogenforEnergyStorageR.CarriveauandD.S.-K.Ting Volume104 PowerTransformerConditionMonitoringandDiagnosisA.Abu-Siada (Editor) Volume106 SurfacePassivationofIndustrialCrystallineSiliconSolarCellsJ.John (Editor) Volume107 BifacialPhotovoltaics:Technology,applicationsandeconomicsJ.Libal andR.Kopecek(Editors) Volume108 FaultDiagnosisofInductionMotorsJ.Faiz,V.GhorbanianandG.Joksimovic´ Volume110 HighVoltagePowerNetworkConstructionK.Harker Volume111 EnergyStorageatDifferentVoltageLevels:Technology,integration,and marketaspectsA.F.Zobaa,P.F.Ribeiro,S.H.A.AleemandS.N.Afifi(Editors) Volume112 WirelessPowerTransfer:Theory,technologyandapplicationN.Shinohara Volume115 DCDistributionSystemsandMicrogridsT.Dragicˇevic´,F.Blaabjergand P.Wheeler Volume117 StructuralControlandFaultDetectionofWindTurbineSystems H.R.Karimi Volume119 ThermalPowerPlantControlandInstrumentation:Thecontrolofboilers andHRSGs,2ndEditionD.Lindsley,J.GristandD.Parker Volume120 FaultDiagnosisforRobustInverterPowerDrivesA.Ginart(Editor) Volume123 PowerSystemsElectromagneticTransientsSimulation,2ndEdition N.WatsonandJ.Arrillaga Volume124 PowerMarketTransformationB.Murray Volume126 DiagnosisandFaultToleranceofElectricalMachines,PowerElectronics andDrivesA.J.M.Cardoso Volume128 CharacterizationofWideBandgapPowerSemiconductorDevicesF.Wang, Z.ZhangandE.A.Jones Volume130 WindandSolarBasedEnergySystemsforCommunitiesR.Carriveauand D.S.-K.Ting(Editors) Volume131 MetaheuristicOptimizationinPowerEngineeringJ.Radosavljevic´ Volume132 PowerLineCommunicationSystemsforSmartGridsI.R.S.Casellaand A.Anpalagan Volume905 PowerSystemProtection,4volumes Electrical Steels Volume 2: Performance and applications Anthony Moses, Philip Anderson, Keith Jenkins and Hugh Stanbury The Institution of Engineering andTechnology PublishedbyTheInstitutionofEngineeringandTechnology,London,UnitedKingdom TheInstitutionofEngineeringandTechnologyisregisteredasaCharityinEngland& Wales(no.211014)andScotland(no.SC038698). †TheInstitutionofEngineeringandTechnology2019 Firstpublished2019 ThispublicationiscopyrightundertheBerneConventionandtheUniversalCopyright Convention.Allrightsreserved.Apartfromanyfairdealingforthepurposesofresearch orprivatestudy,orcriticismorreview,aspermittedundertheCopyright,Designsand PatentsAct1988,thispublicationmaybereproduced,storedortransmitted,inany formorbyanymeans,onlywiththepriorpermissioninwritingofthepublishers,orin thecaseofreprographicreproductioninaccordancewiththetermsoflicencesissued bytheCopyrightLicensingAgency.Enquiriesconcerningreproductionoutsidethose termsshouldbesenttothepublisherattheundermentionedaddress: TheInstitutionofEngineeringandTechnology MichaelFaradayHouse SixHillsWay,Stevenage Herts,SG12AY,UnitedKingdom www.theiet.org Whiletheauthorsandpublisherbelievethattheinformationandguidancegiveninthis workarecorrect,allpartiesmustrelyupontheirownskillandjudgementwhenmaking useofthem.Neithertheauthorsnorpublisherassumesanyliabilitytoanyoneforany lossordamagecausedbyanyerrororomissioninthework,whethersuchanerroror omissionistheresultofnegligenceoranyothercause.Anyandallsuchliabilityis disclaimed. Themoralrightsoftheauthorstobeidentifiedasauthorsofthisworkhavebeen assertedbytheminaccordancewiththeCopyright,DesignsandPatentsAct1988. BritishLibraryCataloguinginPublicationData AcataloguerecordforthisproductisavailablefromtheBritishLibrary ISBN978-1-78561-972-4(hardback) ISBN978-1-78561-973-1(PDF) TypesetinIndiabyMPSLimited PrintedintheUKbyCPIGroup(UK)Ltd,Croydon Contents Acknowledgements xv Preface xvii Commonacronyms,symbolsandabbreviationsusedinthetext xxiii IntroductiontoVolume2 xlv Abouttheauthors xlvii 1 Localised characteristics of electrical steels 1 1.1 Overview of content of Chapter 1 1 1.2 Effects of grain structure ondomains,lossesand magnetostriction inGOsteel 2 1.2.1 Static domainstructures 2 1.2.2 Presence and effect of lancet domains 4 1.2.3 Effect of grain misorientation on surface domain structures 6 1.2.4 Effect of grain misorientation on lossesand magnetostriction 7 1.3 Estimation of lossesin single crystals of SiFe 10 1.3.1 Hysteresislosscaused by motion of a single domain wall 10 1.3.2 Total lossassociated with a single domainwall in GOsteel 11 1.4 Significance of the width of main domains in GOsteels 13 1.5 Domain wall bowingin GOsteel 15 1.6 Combined effect of main and supplementary domains in GOsteel 17 1.6.1 Local effects of thickness on losses 18 1.6.2 Effect of grain size onlosses 21 1.7 Wall spacing and lossesin grains of GOSiFeunder a.c. magnetisation 23 1.7.1 Effects related tomain wall spacing 23 1.7.2 Grain-to-grain interactions across grain boundaries in GOsteels 28 1.7.3 Domain refinement processes 30 1.8 Domain studies in NOelectrical steels 35 1.9 Internal domain structure inGOsteel 37 1.10 Rotational lossesin single grains 37 1.11 Localised magnetostriction 39 1.11.1 Magnetostriction in single grains of GOsteel 39 1.11.2 Ahypothetical model of the effect of surrounding grains on the magnetostriction of a single grain 41 1.11.3 Localised stresssensitivity of magnetostriction of GOsteel 42 1.12 Surface magnetic features of GOsteel 43 1.12.1 Background 43 viii Electrical steels, volume 2: performance and applications 1.12.2 Variation of the tangential componentof surface field 46 1.12.3 Localisedflux density and lossdistribution 48 1.13 Lossesunder PWMexcitation 52 1.14 Defects and precipitates 53 1.15 Analysis of the stress due to the coating on GOsteel 54 1.15.1 Coating-induced stress 54 1.15.2 Differential contraction mechanism 56 1.15.3 Total stress induced during the coating processes 58 1.15.4 Practical separation of effects of coating stresses 59 1.16 Barkhauseneffect 61 References 62 2 Practical properties of electrical steels 71 2.1 Permeability of electrical steels 71 2.2 Losses 72 2.2.1 Lossseparation in commercial electrical steels 72 2.2.2 Rotational losses 76 2.3 Stresssensitivity of losses 80 2.3.1 Introduction 80 2.3.2 Stresssensitivity of NOsteel 80 2.3.3 Stresssensitivity of GOsteel 80 2.4 Magnetostriction 81 2.4.1 Assessment of stress sensitivity 81 2.4.2 Aspects of low magnetostriction GOsteels 83 2.4.3 Effect of coating on stresssensitivity of magnetostriction of GOsteel 85 2.5 Domain refinement of GOsteels 88 2.5.1 Background 88 2.5.2 Effectivenessof domain refinement techniques 89 2.5.3 Prototyping and commercial methods of domain refinement 91 2.5.4 Other aspect of domain refinement 94 2.5.5 Two-sided scribing 96 2.5.6 Relationship between domain refinement and transformer characteristics 97 2.6 Angular dependence of lossin electrical steel 98 2.6.1 NOsteel 98 2.6.2 GOsteel 100 2.7 High and low-field properties of electrical steel 105 2.7.1 High flux density characteristics of GOsteel 105 2.7.2 Low flux density characteristics 106 2.8 Effect of d.c. magnetisation bias 111 2.9 Performance of NOsteels under PWMwaveforms 114 2.9.1 Examples of lossvariation with flux density, magnetising frequency and sheet thickness 115 2.9.2 Comparison between losscomponents in NOand GO steels under PWMexcitation 117 Contents ix 2.10 Coatings and surface roughness 119 2.10.1 Coating on NOsteel 119 2.10.2 Coatings on GOsteel 122 2.11 Current and future trends in electrical steels 123 2.11.1 Progressin recent years 123 2.11.2 Drivers for improved electrical steels 123 2.11.3 Other factors 124 2.11.4 Possibilities for incremental improvements 126 References 127 3 Other electrical steels 133 3.1 High silicon steel 133 3.1.1 Background and potential 133 3.1.2 Methods of increasing alloying content by chemical diffusion 135 3.1.3 Commercial material 140 3.2 Cube-oriented electrical steel 144 3.3 Ultra-thin and automotive grade electrical steel 146 3.3.1 Ultra-thin electrical steel 147 3.3.2 Automotive NOsteels 149 References 150 4 Prediction of lossesinelectrical steels 155 4.1 Introduction 155 4.2 Hysteresis modelling 156 4.2.1 Preisach models 157 4.2.2 Jiles–Atherton Model 157 4.3 Micro-magnetic approaches to lossprediction 157 4.4 Lossseparation methods 158 4.5 Lossprediction under arbitrary flux density waveforms 160 4.6 Statistical theoryof losses(STL) 165 4.7 Other approaches to lossprediction 166 4.8 Ananecdotal historic perspective 166 References 168 5 Application of electrical steels intransformer cores 173 5.1 General background and types of transformers 173 5.2 Basic theory 184 5.3 Lossesand efficiency 186 5.4 Equivalent circuit 188 5.5 Basic forms of transformersincorporating GOsteel cores 189 5.6 Fluxdistribution in a 3-phase stacked cores 192 5.7 Strip woundcores 194 5.8 Stacked cores 198 5.9 Fluxand lossdistributionsinjoints of stacked cores 210 5.9.1 The double overlap joint 212