Table Of Content

River Publishers Series in Power Electrical Power Systems Technology Fourth Edition River Publishers Series in Power River Publishers Series in Power E River Publishers Series in Power Electrical Power l Electrical Power e D a c Electrical Power Systems Technology l e t R r SysEtleecmtrsi cTaelc Phonwoelro gy Fourth Edition . P ic Systems Technology a tr a Systems Technology Dale R. Patrick, Stephen W. Fardo, Brian W. Fardo ic l Fourth Edition k P Fourth Edition Electrical Power Systems Technology, Fourth Edition covers a • o w Fourth Edition wide range of technologies and systems used in the generation, S distribution, control, conversion, and measurement of electrical t e e power. This reference book provides a foundational overview p r presented in a basic, easy-to-understand manner. The content he S n y is organized in a logical pedagogical style using five basic power W s system components – Measurement, Generation, Distribution, . F t Control, and Conversion. Each of these basic systems is broken a e down into sub-systems, equipment and components that are rd m o explored in greater detail in each of the 18 chapters. s • T Simplified mathematical concepts are described with practical B e applications to assist in fundamental understanding. Abundant r i c illustrations (almost one per page) are used to add visual a n h information to supplement technical knowledge development. W n The fourth edition has been edited to provide improved . F o information and clarity, including many new illustrations. a l An additional chapter – Chapter 18 – Evolving Power System rd o o g Technologies and Considerations – has been added to describe y issues related to power system operation. Dale R. Patrick Fourth Edition Stephen W. Fardo Exclusively Distributed by BriDaanl eW R.. FPaartrdicok Dale R. Patrick DaSltee Rp.h Peant Wric. Fkardo Stephen W. Fardo River Publishers River Brian W. Fardo Stephen W. Fardo Brian W. Fardo Brian W. Fardo Electrical Power Systems Technology Fourth Edition RIVER PUBLISHERS SERIES IN POWER Series Editors MASSIMO MITOLO VIJAY K. SOOD Irvine Valley College Ontario Tech University USA Canada The “River Publishers Series in Power” is a series of comprehensive academic and professional books focussing on the theory and applications behind power generation and distribution. The series features content on energy engineering, systems and development of electrical power, looking specifically at current technology and applications. The series serves to be a reference for academics, researchers, managers, engineers, and other professionals in related matters with power generation and distribution. Topics covered in the series include, but are not limited to: • Power generation; • Energy services; • Electrical power systems; • Photovoltaics; • Power distribution systems; • Energy distribution engineering; • Smart grid; • Transmission line development. For a list of other books in this series, visit www.riverpublishers.com COGNITIVE NEUROSCIENCE Electrical Power Critical Concepts in Psychology Systems Technology Fourth Edition Edited by Dale R. Patrick Jamie Ward Stephen W. Fardo Brian W. Fardo Volume IV TITLE PAGE LOGOS 2 Humanities & Social Science Titles KEY IMPRINT River Publishers SUB-IMPRINT SUB-IMPRINT BACK COVER LOGOS Exclusively Distributed by ISBN: 978-0-000-00000-2 90000 KEY IMPRINT www.routledge.com 9 780000 000002 SUB-IMPRINT Behavioral Heath This item goes below the barcode: www.routledgementalhealth.com Psychology Press SUB-IMPRINT Psychology Press www.psypress.com SUB-IMPRINT Note: On the Psychology Press Titles and Behavioral Health titles, web addresses may be changed to add specificity. Humanities & Social Science Titles do not have the Catalog Number displayed. Published 2021 by River Publishers River Publishers Alsbjergvej 10, 9260 Gistrup, Denmark www.riverpublishers.com Distributed exclusively by Routledge 4 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN 605 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10017, USA Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Electrical Power Systems Technology / Dale R. Patrick and Stephen W. Fardo. --- 4th edition ©2021 River Publishers. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval systems, or transmitted in any form or by any means, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without prior written permission of the publishers. Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informal business ISBN 978-87-7022-666-0 (print) ISBN 978-87-7022-665-3 (online) ISBN 978-1-003-20742-9 (ebook master) While every effort is made to provide dependable information, the publisher, authors, and editors cannot be held responsible for any errors or omissions. Contents Preface .................................................................................................................ix UNIT I POWER MEASUREMENT SYSTEMS AND FUNDAMENTALS ....................................................................1 Chapter 1 Power Measurement Fundamentals .......................................5 Units of Measurement—Conversion of SI Units— Scientific Notation Chapter 2 Power System Fundamentals .................................................15 The System Concept—Basic System Functions—A Simple Electrical System Example—Energy, Work, and Power—Types of Electrical Circuits—Power in DC Electrical Circuits— Maximum Power Transfer—Overview of Alternating Current (AC) Circuits—Vector and Phasor Diagrams—Impedance in AC Circuits—Power Relationships in AC Circuits—Power Relationships in Three-Phase Circuits Chapter 3 Power Measurement Equipment ...........................................59 Measurement Systems—Measuring Electrical Power— Measuring Electrical Energy—Measuring Three-Phase Electrical Energy—Frequency Measurement—Synchroscopes— Ground -Fault Indicators—Megohmmeters—Clamp-On Meters Telemetering Systems UNIT II ELECTRICAL POWER PRODUCTION SYSTEMS .............85 Chapter 4 Modern Power Systems ..........................................................89 Electrical Power Plants—Fossil Fuel Systems—Steam Turbines— Boilers—Hydroelectric Systems—Nuclear Fission Systems— Operational Aspects of Modem Power Systems Chapter 5 Alternative Power Systems ...................................................125 Potential Power Sources—Solar Energy Systems—Geothermal Power Systems—Wind Systems—Magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) Systems—Nuclear-Fusion Power Systems—Nuclear-Fusion Methods—Future of Nuclear Fusion—Fuel-Cell Systems—Tidal Power Systems—Coal-Gasification Fuel Systems—Oil-Shale Fuel-Production Systems—Alternative Nuclear Power Plants— Biomass Systems v Chapter 6 Alternating Current Power Systems ...................................147 Electromagnetic Induction—Basic Generator Operation— Single-Phase AC Power Systems—Single-Phase AC Generators— Three-Phase AC Generators—High-Speed and Low-Speed Generators—Generator Frequency—Generator Voltage Regulation—Generator Efficiency Chapter 7 Direct Current Power Systems .............................................167 DC Production Using Chemical Cells—Characteristics of Primary Cells—Characteristics of Secondary Cells—DC Generating Sys- tems—DC Conversion Systems—DC Filtering Methods—DC Reg- ulation Methods UNIT III ELECTRICAL POWER DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMS .........213 Chapter 8 Power Distribution Fundamentals ......................................217 Overview of Electrical Power Distribution—Power Transmission and Distribution—Radial, Ring, and Network Distribution Systems—Use of Transformers for Power Distribution— Conductors in Power Distribution Systems—Conductor Area— Resistance of Conductors—Conductor Sizes and Types— Ampacity of Conductors—Ampacity Tables—Use of Insulation in Power Distribution Systems Chapter 9 Power Distribution Equipment ............................................259 Equipment Used at Substations—Power System Protective Equipment—Power Distribution Inside Industrial and Commercial Buildings—The Electrical Service Entrance—Service Entrance Terminology Chapter 10 Single-Phase and Three-Phase Distribution Systems .............................................................273 Single-Phase Systems— Three-Phase Systems—Grounding of Distribution Systems—System Grounding—Ground-Fault Protection—Wiring Design Considerations for Distribution Systems—Branch Circuit Design Considerations—Feeder Circuit Design Considerations—Determining Grounding Conductor Size—Parts of Interior Electrical Wiring Systems UNIT IV ELECTRICAL POWER CONVERSION SYSTEMS ......... 305 Chapter 11 Fundamentals of Electrical Loads ........................................309 Load Characteristics—Three-Phase Load Characteristics vi Chapter 12 Heating Systems .....................................................................323 Basic Heating Loads—Electrical Welding Loads—Power Considerations for Electric Welders—Electric Heating and Air Conditioning Systems Chapter 13 Lighting Systems ....................................................................343 Characteristics of Light—Electrical Lighting Circuits— Branch Circuit Design—Lighting Fixture Design— Factors in Determining Light Output Chapter 14 Mechanical Systems ...............................................................365 Basic Motor Principles—DC Motors—Specialized DC Motors— Single-Phase AC Motors—Three-Phase AC Motors—Specialized Mechanical Power Systems—Electric Motor Applications UNIT V ELECTRICAL POWER CONTROL SYSTEMS ..................417 Chapter 15 Power Control Devices ..........................................................421 Power Control Standards, Symbols, and Definitions—Power Control Using Switches—Control Equipment for Electric Motors—ther Electromechanical Power Control Equipment— Electronic Power Control Chapter 16 Operational Power Control Systems ...................................449 Basic Control Systems—Motor—Starting Systems— Specialized Control Systems—Frequency—Conversion Systems—Programming the PLC Chapter 17 Control Devices ......................................................................475 Silicon Controlled Rectifiers—SCR Construction—SCR I-V Characteristics—DC Power Control with SCRs—AC Power Control with SCRs—Triac Power Control—Triac Construction— Triac Operation—Triac I-V Characteristics—Triac Applications— Static Switching—Start−Stop Triac Control—Triac Variable Power Control—Diac Power Control—Electronic Control Considerations Chapter 18 Evolving Power System Technologies and Considerations ........................................................................493 Energy Conservation and Environmental Considerations— Considerations for Electrical Power Measurement Systems— Considerations for Electrical Power Production Systems— Considerations for Electrical Power Distribution Systems— vii Considerations for Electrical Power Control Systems— Considerations for Electrical Power Measurement Systems— Considerations for Electrical Power Conversion Systems— “Green” Energy Concept Appendix A Trigonometric Functions .......................................................513 Appendix B The Elements ...........................................................................515 Appendix C Metric Conversions ................................................................517 Index ................................................................................................................523 About the Authors .........................................................................................529 viii Preface Electrical Power Systems Technology (Fourth Edition) provides a broad overview of the production, distribution, control, conversion, and measurement of electrical power. The presentation method used in this book will allow the reader to develop an understanding of electrical power systems. The units of the book are organized in a systematic manner, beginning with electrical power measurement methods and fundamentals. The fundamentals of each major unit (measurement, production, distribution, control, and conversion) are discussed at the beginning of the unit. These fundamentals provide a framework for the information that follows. The last unit has been expanded to include important control devices. This book deals with many important aspects of electrical power, not just with one or two areas. In this way, it will provide the reader with a better understanding of the total electrical power system—from the production of electricity to its conversion to other forms of energy. Each unit deals with a speciﬁc system (measurement, production, distribution, control, and conversion). Each system is broken down into subsystems. The subsystems are then explored in greater detail in the chapters that make up each unit. The fourth edition has been improved through the following features: 1. Expanded text content: A new chapter (Chapter 18)—Evolving Pow- er System Technologies and Considerations—has been added. 2. Improved illustrations: Numerous illustrations have been added and improved through the use of color. 3. Multicolor larger page format utilized: The planned use of color adds life to the book and clarifies content. Color emphasizes headings and makes figures with multiple parts easier to study. In order to understand the content of this book in depth, the reader should ideally have knowledge of basic electrical fundamentals. The mathematical presentations provide a simple understanding of practical relationships of basic power system operation. This book is recommend- ed as a textbook for “electrical power” or “electrical generators and motors” courses. It would be a suitable text for vocational−technical schools, ix