Table Of Content

Electrical Machine Drives Electrical Machine Drives Fundamental Basics and Practice Claiton Moro Franchi CRC Press Taylor & Francis Group 6000 Broken Sound Parkway NW, Suite 300 Boca Raton, FL 33487-2742 © 2019 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC CRC Press is an imprint of Taylor & Francis Group, an Informa business No claim to original U.S. Government works Printed on acid-free paper International Standard Book Number-13: 978-1-1380-9939-5 (Hardback) This book contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources. Reasonable efforts have been made to publish reliable data and information, but the author and publisher cannot assume responsibility for the validity of all materials or the consequences of their use. The authors and publishers have attempted to trace the copyright holders of all material reproduced in this publication and apologize to copyright holders if permission to publish in this form has not been obtained. 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Trademark Notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe. Library of Congress Cataloging‑in‑Publication Data Names: Franchi, Claiton Moro, author. Title: Electrical machine drives : fundamental basics and practice / Claiton Moro Franchi. Description: Boca Raton : Taylor & Francis, a CRC title, part of the Taylor & Francis imprint, a member of the Taylor & Francis Group, the academic division of T&F Informa, plc, 2018. | Includes bibliographical references. Identifiers: LCCN 2018042358 | ISBN 9781138099395 (hardback : alk. paper) Subjects: LCSH: Electric driving. | Electric machines. Classification: LCC TK4058 .F68 2018 | DDC 621.46--dc23 LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2018042358 Visit the Taylor & Francis Web site at http://www.taylorandfrancis.com and the CRC Press Web site at http://www.crcpress.com I dedicate this book to my sons, Bruna and Renato, who are a source of inspiration and energy for the beginning of each day of my life and to my father, Calixtro, who cannot be present to see the finished book. Also, my wife, Eliane, for the companionship during these years and this work. Contents Preface.....................................................................................................................xv Acknowledgments............................................................................................. xvii Author................................................................................................................... xix 1. Electric Motors ................................................................................................1 1.1 Electric Motors Types.........................................................................1 1.1.1 Direct Current Motors.........................................................1 1.1.1.1 Series......................................................................6 1.1.1.2 Shunt Excited........................................................6 1.1.1.3 Compound Excited ..............................................7 1.1.2 Alternating Current Induction Motors.............................8 1.1.2.1 Single-Phase Induction Motors..........................8 1.1.2.2 Types of Single-Phase Induction Motors..........9 1.1.2.3 Three-Phase Electric Motor .............................. 20 1.2 Motor Selection..................................................................................36 Exercises..........................................................................................................36 2. Three-Phase Motors.....................................................................................39 2.1 Introduction....................................................................................... 39 2.2 Three-Phase Induction Motor Construction................................. 39 2.3 Faraday’s Law .................................................................................... 41 2.4 Lenz’s Law..........................................................................................46 2.5 Operation Principle of a Three-Phase Induction Motor..............47 2.6 Squirrel Cage Induction Motors Characteristics..........................54 2.6.1 Efficiency (η) .......................................................................54 2.6.1.1 Motor Efficiency Based on Rated Power.........54 2.6.1.2 Motor Efficiency in Function on the Shaft Load ...........................................................54 2.6.2 Rated Speed........................................................................56 2.6.3 Slip ....................................................................................... 57 2.6.4 Torque Speed Design.........................................................58 2.6.5 Insulation Class.................................................................. 61 2.6.5.1 Temperature Rise ............................................... 62 2.6.6 Motor Cooling....................................................................66 2.6.6.1 IC 01—Open Drip Proof (ODP)........................ 67 2.6.6.2 IC 41—Totally Enclosed Fan-Cooled (TEFC)..68 2.6.6.3 IC 40—Totally Enclosed Non-Ventilated (TENV).................................................................68 vii viii Contents 2.6.6.4 IC 418—Totally Enclosed Air Over (TEAO) ... 70 2.6.6.5 Special Applications Frames ............................ 70 2.6.7 Duty Cycle ..........................................................................73 2.6.8 Service Factor (SF)..............................................................80 2.6.9 Multiple Nominal Voltage and Frequency.....................80 2.6.10 Locked Rotor Current kVA Code Letter (CODE) .......... 81 2.6.11 Speed Direction.................................................................. 82 2.6.12 Environmental Conditions...............................................83 2.6.13 Degree of Protection (IP) ..................................................84 2.6.14 Frames .................................................................................90 2.6.15 Mounting ............................................................................93 2.6.16 Nameplate...........................................................................95 Exercises..........................................................................................................96 3. Electric Power ................................................................................................99 3.1 Real Power..........................................................................................99 3.2 Reactive Power................................................................................. 100 3.3 Apparent Power............................................................................... 100 3.4 Power Triangle................................................................................. 101 3.5 Power Factor..................................................................................... 103 3.6 Electric Power Calculations Examples......................................... 104 3.7 Power Factor in Industry ............................................................... 105 3.8 Causes of Low Power Factor.......................................................... 106 3.9 Advantages of Power Factor Correction ...................................... 106 3.10 Methods to Correct the Power Factor .......................................... 107 3.11 Capacitors Parameters.................................................................... 108 3.12 Power Factor Correction Using Capacitors ................................. 111 3.12.1 Examples of Power Factor Correction........................... 112 3.13 Location of Capacitors.................................................................... 114 3.14 Real Power in Three-Phase Motors .............................................. 117 3.15 Power Factor in Induction Motors ................................................ 118 3.16 Power Characteristics of a Three-Phase Motor........................... 119 Exercises........................................................................................................ 120 4. Motor Starter Components .......................................................................121 4.1 Push Buttons.................................................................................... 121 4.2 Selector Switch................................................................................. 124 4.3 Limit Switches................................................................................. 125 4.4 Fuses.................................................................................................. 126 4.4.1 Short Circuit Definitions................................................. 128 4.4.2 Operation Classes ............................................................ 129 Contents ix 4.4.3 Types of Fuses (European).................................................. 130 4.4.3.1 D Type.................................................................... 130 4.4.3.2 Type NH Fuse....................................................... 133 4.4.4 Sizing of Fuses...................................................................... 135 4.4.4.1 Sizing Example ..................................................... 136 4.4.5 Types of Fuses (US).............................................................. 137 4.4.6 High Speed Fuses ................................................................ 140 4.4.7 Final Considerations about Fuses...................................... 141 4.5 Overload Relays................................................................................. 142 4.5.1 Characteristic Tripping Curve ........................................... 146 4.5.1.1 Trip Class............................................................... 147 4.5.2 Ambient Temperature Compensation .............................. 148 4.5.3 Forms of Operation.............................................................. 148 4.5.4 Sizing ..................................................................................... 151 4.5.5 Solid-State Overload Relays ............................................... 151 4.6 Motor Protective Circuit Breakers .................................................. 154 4.6.1 Advantages of Using Motor Protective Circuit Breakers................................................................................. 154 4.7 Contactors .......................................................................................... 156 4.7.1 Contactor Ratings ................................................................ 157 4.7.1.1 NEMA.................................................................... 158 4.7.1.2 IEC .......................................................................... 158 4.7.2 Lifespan of Contactor .......................................................... 162 4.7.3 Suppression Modules .......................................................... 164 4.7.4 Main Features of Contactors .............................................. 164 4.8 Auxiliary Relays................................................................................ 165 4.8.1 Time Relays........................................................................... 165 4.8.1.1 ON-Delay............................................................... 165 4.8.1.2 OFF-Delay.............................................................. 166 4.8.1.3 Star-Triangle.......................................................... 166 4.8.2 Monitoring Relays................................................................ 167 4.8.2.1 Phase Sequence..................................................... 167 4.8.2.2 PTC Thermistor .................................................... 167 4.8.2.3 Phase Loss ............................................................. 170 4.8.2.4 Undervoltage and Overvoltage .......................... 170 Exercises........................................................................................................ 171 5. Starting Methods of Induction Motors..................................................173 5.1 Starting Current of Induction Motor.............................................. 173 5.2 Basic Electrical Symbols................................................................... 174