Electrical engineer's reference book

1501 Pages·2003·59.03 MB·English

by  Warne

//integras/b&h/Eer/Final_06-09-02/prelims
Electrical

Engineer's

Reference

Book
//integras/b&h/Eer/Final_06-09-02/prelims
Important notice
Many practical techniques described in this book involve potentially dangerous applications of electricity and
engineering equipment. The authors, editors and publishers cannot take responsibility for any personal, professional
or financial risk involved in carrying out these techniques, or any resulting injury, accident or loss. The techniques
described in this book should only be implemented by professional and fully qualified electrical engineers using their
own professional judgement and due regard to health and safety issues.
//integras/b&h/Eer/Final_06-09-02/prelims
Electrical

Engineer's

Reference

Book

Sixteenth edition

M. A. Laughton CEng., FIEE

D. J. Warne CEng., FIEE

OXFORD AMSTERDAM BOSTON NEW YORK
LONDON PARIS SAN DIEGO SAN FRANCISCO
SINGAPORE SYDNEY TOKYO
//integras/b&h/Eer/Final_06-09-02/prelims
Newnes
An imprint of Elsevier Science
Linacre House, Jordan Hill, Oxford OX2 8DP
200 Wheeler Road, Burlington, MA 01803
A division of Reed Educational and Professional Publishing Ltd
A member of the Reed Elsevier plc group
First published in 1945 by George Newnes Ltd
Fifteenth edition 1993
Sixteenth edition 2003
Copyright # Elsevier Science, 2003. All rights reserved
No part of this publication may be
reproduced in any material form (including photocopying or
storing in any medium by electronic means and whether or not
transiently or incidentally to some other use of this
publication) without the written permission of the copyright
holder except in accordance with the provisions of the
Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 or under the terms
of a licence issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency Ltd, 90
Tottenham Court Road, London, England W1T 4LP.
Applications for the copyright holder's written permission to
reproduce any part of this publication should be addressed
to the publishers
British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data
A catalogue record for this book is available from the
British Library
ISBN 0 7506 46373
For information on all Newnes publications
visit our website at www.newnespress.com
Typeset in India by Integra Software Services Pvt. Ltd,
Pondicherry 605 005, India. www.integra-india.com
Printed and bound in Great Britain
//integras/b&h/Eer/Final_06-09-02/prelims
Contents

Preface 8 Magnetic Materials
Ferromagnetics . Electrical steels including silicon
Section A ± General Principles steels . Soft irons and relay steels . Ferrites . Nickel±iron
alloys . Iron±cobalt alloys . Permanent magnet materials
1 Units, Mathematics and Physical Quantities
International unit system . Mathematics . Physical 9 Electroheat and Materials Processing
quantities . Physical properties . Electricity Introduction . Direct resistance heating . Indirect resistance
heating . Electric ovens and furnaces . Induction heating .
Metal melting . Dielectric heating . Ultraviolet processes .
2 Electrotechnology Plasma torches . Semiconductor plasma processing . Lasers
Nomenclature . Thermal effects . Electrochemical effects .
Magnetic field effects . Electric field effects . 10 Welding and Soldering
Electromagnetic field effects . Electrical discharges
Arc welding . Resistance welding . Fuses . Contacts . Special
alloys . Solders . Rare and precious metals . Temperature-
3 Network Analysis sensitive bimetals . Nuclear-reactor materials . Amorphous
materials
Introduction . Basic network analysis . Power-system
network analysis
Section C ± Control
Section B ± Materials & Processes 11 Electrical Measurement
Introduction . Terminology . The role of measurement
4 Fundamental Properties of Materials traceability in product quality . National and international
Introduction . Mechanical properties . Thermal properties .
measurement standards . Direct-acting analogue measuring
Electrically conducting materials . Magnetic materials .
instruments . Integrating (energy) metering . Electronic
Dielectric materials . Optical materials . The plasma
instrumentation . Oscilloscopes . Potentiometers and
state
bridges . Measuring and protection transformers . Magnetic
measurements . Transducers . Data recording
5 Conductors and Superconductors 12 Industrial Instrumentation
Conducting materials . Superconductors Introduction . Temperature . Flow . Pressure . Level
transducers . Position transducers . Velocity and
acceleration . Strain gauges, loadcells and
6 Semiconductors, Thick and Thin-Film weighing . Fieldbus systems . Installation notes
Microcircuits
Silicon, silicon dioxide, thick-and thin-film technology . 13 Control Systems
Thick-and thin-film microcircuits Introduction . Laplace transforms and the transfer

function . Block diagrams . Feedback . Generally desirable

7 Insulation and acceptable behaviour . Stability . Classification of

system and static accuracy. Transient behaviour .

Insulating materials . Properties and testing . Gaseous Root-locus method . Frequency-response methods .

dielectrics . Liquid dielectrics . Semi-fluid and fusible State-space description . Sampled-data systems .

materials . Varnishes, enamels, paints and lacquers . Solid Some necessary mathematical preliminaries . Sampler and

dielectrics . Composite solid/liquid dielectrics . Irradiation zero-order hold . Block diagrams . Closed-loop systems .

effects . Fundamentals of dielectric theory . Polymeric Stability . Example . Dead-beat response . Simulation .

insulation for high voltage outdoor applications Multivariable control . Dealing with non linear elements .
//integras/b&h/Eer/Final_06-09-02/prelims
Disturbances . Ratio control . Transit delays . Stability . 23 Electromagnetic Compatibility
AInudtuos-ttruianle rcso n. tPrroalcletricsa .l Dtuingiitnagl mcoentthroodl sa lgorithms . rIenqtruoirdeumcteinotns .. CProomdmucotn d teesrigmns .. DTehvei cEeM seCle cmtioodne l. .P EriMnteCd
circuit boards . Interfaces . Power supplies and power-line
14 Digital Control Systems filters . Signal line filters . Enclosure design . Interface cable
connections . Golden rules for effective design for EMC .
Introduction . Logic families . Combinational logic . Storage . System design . Buildings . Conformity assessment . EMC
Timers and monostables . Arithmetic circuits . Counters and testing and measurements . Management plans
shift registers . Sequencing and event driven logic . Analog
interfacing . Practical considerations . Data sheet notations
24 Health and Safety
15 Microprocessors The scope of electrical safety considerations . The nature of
Introduction . Structured design of programmable logic electrical injuries . Failure of electrical equipment
systems . Microprogrammable systems . Programmable
systems . Processor instruction sets . Program structures .
Reduced instruction set computers (RISC) . Software 25 Hazardous Area Technology
design . Embedded systems A brief UK history . General certification requirements .
Gas group and temperature class . Explosion protection
16 Programmable Controllers concepts . ATEX certification . Global view . Useful
websites
Introduction . The programmable controller . Programming
methods . Numerics . Distributed systems and fieldbus .
Graphics . Software engineering . Safety Section F ± Power Generation
Section D ± Power Electronics and Drives 26 Prime Movers
17 Power Semiconductor Devices Steam generating plant . Steam turbine plant . Gas turbine
plant . Hydroelectric plant . Diesel-engine plant
Junction diodes . Bipolar power transistors and
Darlingtons . Thyristors . Schottky barrier diodes .
MOSFET . The insulated gate bipolar 27 Alternative Energy Sources
transistor (IGBT)
Introduction . Solar . Marine energy . Hydro . Wind .
Geothermal energy. Biofuels . Direct conversion . Fuel cells .
18 Electronic Power Conversion Heat pumps
Electronic power conversion principles . Switch-mode
Apo.cw./ear. cs.u cpopnliveesr .s iDon.c /. aR.ce. scoonnavnetr steiocnh n. iqAu.ce.s/ d. .Mc. ocdounlvaerr sion . 28 Alternating Current Generators
systems . Further reading Introduction . Airgap flux and open-circuit e.m.f. .
Alternating current windings . Coils and insulation .
19 Electrical Machine Drives RTeemacptaernacteusr ea nrdis et i.m Oe uctopnustt aenqtusa .t iSotne a. dAyr-smtaatteu roep reeraactitoionn . .
Introduction . Fundamental control requirements for electrical Synchronising . Operating charts . On-load excitation .
machines . Drive power circuits . Drive control . Applications Sudden three phase short circuit . Excitation systems .
and drive selection . Electromagnetic compatibility Turbogenerators . Generator±transformer connection .
Hydrogenerators . Salient-pole generators other than
20 Motors and Actuators hydrogenerators . Synchronous compensators . Induction
generators . Standards
Energy conversion . Electromagnetic devices . Industrial
rotary and linear motors
29 Batteries
Section E ± Environment Introduction . Cells and batteries . Primary cells .
Secondary cells and batteries . Battery applications .
21 Lighting Anodising . Electrodeposition . Hydrogen and oxygen
Light and vision . Quantities and units . Photometric electrolysis
concepts . Lighting design technology . Lamps . Lighting
design . Design techniques . Lighting applications Section G ± Transmission and Distribution
22 Environmental Control 30 Overhead Lines
Introduction . Environmental comfort . Energy General . Conductors and earth wires . Conductor fittings .
requirements . Heating and warm-air systems . Control . Electrical characteristics . Insulators . Supports . Lightning .
Energy conservation . Interfaces and associated data Loadings
//integras/b&h/Eer/Final_06-09-02/prelims
31 Cables Section H ± Power Systems
Introduction . Cable components . General wiring cables 39 Power System Planning
and flexible cords . Supply distribution cables .
Transmission cables . Current-carrying capacity . Jointing The changing electricity supply industry (ESI) . Nature of
and accessories . Cable fault location an electrical power system . Types of generating plant and
characteristics . Security and reliability of a power system .
Revenue collection . Environmental sustainable planning
32 HVDC
Introduction . Applications of HVDC . Principles of HVDC
converters . Transmission arrangements . Converter station 40 Power System Operation and Control
design . Insulation co-ordination of HVDC converter Introduction . Objectives and requirements . System
stations . HVDC thyristor valves . Design of harmonic description . Data acquisition and telemetering .
filters for HVDC converters . Reactive power Decentralised control: excitation systems and control
considerations . Control of HVDC . A.c. system damping characteristics of synchronous machines . Decentralised
controls . Interaction between a.c. and d.c. systems . control: electronic turbine controllers . Decentralised
Multiterminal HVDC systems . Future trends control: substation automation . Decentralised control:
pulse controllers for voltage control with tap-changing
33 Power Transformers transformers. Centralised control . System operation .
System control in liberalised electricity markets .
Introduction . Magnetic circuit . Windings and insulation . Distribution automation and demand side management .
Connections . Three-winding transformers . Quadrature Reliability considerations for system control
booster transformers . On-load tap changing . Cooling .
Fittings . Parallel operation . Auto-transformers . Special
types . Testing . Maintenance . Surge protection . 41 Reactive Power Plant and FACTS
Purchasing specifications Controllers
Introduction . Basic concepts . Variations of voltage
34 Switchgear with load . The management of vars . The development
Circuit-switching devices . Materials . Primary-circuit- of FACTS controllers . Shunt compensation . Series
protection devices . LV switchgear . HV secondary compensation . Controllers with shunt and series
distribution switchgear . HV primary distribution components . Special aspects of var compensation . Future
switchgear . HV transmission switchgear . Generator prospects
switchgear . Switching conditions . Switchgear testing .
Diagnostic monitoring . Electromagnetic compatibility .
Future developments 42 Electricity Economics and Trading
Introduction . Summary of electricity pricing principles .
35 Protection Electricity markets . Market models . Reactive market
Overcurrent and earth leakage protection . Application of
protective systems . Testing and commissioning . 43 Power Quality
Overvoltage protection
Introduction . Definition of power quality terms . Sources
of problems . Effects of power quality problems .
36 Electromagnetic Transients Measuring power quality . Amelioration of power quality
Introduction . Basic concepts of transient analysis . problems . Power quality codes and standards
Protection of system and equipment against transient
overvoltage . Power system simulators . Waveforms
associated with the electromagnetic transient phenomena Section I ± Sectors of Electricity Use
44 Road Transport
37 Optical Fibres in Power Systems
Electrical equipment of road transport vehicles . Light rail
Introduction . Optical fibre fundamentals . Optical fibre transit . Battery vehicles . Road traffic control and
cables . British and International Standards . Optical fibre information systems
telemetry on overhead power lines . Power equipment
monitoring with optical fibre sensors
45 Railways
38 Installation Railway electrification . Diesel-electric traction . Systems,
EMC and standards . Railway signalling and control
Layout . Regulations and specifications . High-voltage
supplies . Fault currents . Substations . Wiring systems .
Lighting and small power . Floor trunking . Stand-by and 46 Ships
emergency supplies . Special buildings . Low-voltage
switchgear and protection . Transformers . Power-factor Introduction . Regulations . Conditions of service .
correction . Earthing . Inspection and testing D.c. installations . A.c. installations . Earthing . Machines
//integras/b&h/Eer/Final_06-09-02/prelims
and transformers . Switchgear . Cables . Emergency power . 48 Mining Applications
ETiaHSnutlateeexenaecirktrtlfiirieeannirrcrggse i epn.g.s rceWS oe.at pRreaau atn.eel mdmsRri t oeeoipgnlftlerhae ci tngta retdn oro.da moG taeraedusgn tn.coe eVarmtareigtcanoo ttcir icossl a pmc.ta oiDpncnaegitestr i sfob.ae liLln l siesityg ny.sh g tR.tei inDmnaedgess i c o...k lpGmGtirglauaaehnntcgtehsesi-pnr ieanaognnel r d.sdt. M .Pb.s FooCooxcwlonakeaeimsetrl ot- .esfs rp Faui.ncr plDoaegp mo rllaaifieeln ylapsido nnr. uo gdcWto o mi.nfn i Pntatmrrdcooiohenwltri snoesir cer. ass lU ol..l aynCUd dsaenaebrdfrslegee .rrse og,Hq rucuoeoniaupuddnmp idnlee gnr st, .
47 Aircraft 49 Standards and Certification
Introduction . Engine technology . Wing technology . Introduction . Organisations preparing electrical standards .
Integrated active controls . Flight-control systems . Systems The structure and application of standards . Testing,
technology . Hydraulic systems . Air-frame mounted certification and approval to standard recommendations .
accessory drives . Electrohydraulic flight controls . Sources of standards information
Electromechanical flight controls . Aircraft electric power .
Summary of power systems . Environmental control
system . Digital power/digital load management Index
//integras/b&h/Eer/Final_06-09-02/prelims
Preface

The Electrical Engineer's Reference Book was first published Environment (Chapters 21±25) is a new section of particular
in 1945: its original aims, to reflect the state of the art in relevance to current concerns in this area including lighting,
electrical science and technology, have been kept in view environmental control, electromagnetic compatibility,
throughout the succeeding decades during which sub- health and safety, and hazardous area technology.
sequent editions have appeared at regular intervals. Power Generation (Chapters 26±29) sees some ration-
Publication of a new edition gives the opportunity to alisation of contributions to previous editions in the largely
respond to many of the changes occurring in the practice mechanical engineering area of prime movers, but with an
of electrical engineering, reflecting not only the current expanded treatment of the increasingly important topic of
commercial and environmental concerns of society, but alternative energy sources, along with further chapters on
also industrial practice and experience plus academic alternating current generators and batteries.
insights into fundamentals. For this 16th edition, thirty- Transmission and Distribution (Chapters 30±38) is con-
nine chapters are either new, have been extensively cerned with the methods and equipment involved in the
rewritten, or augmented and updated with new material. delivery of electric power from the generator to the
As in earlier editions this wide range of material is brought consumer. It deals with overhead lines, cables, HVDC
within the scope of a single volume. To maintain the overall transmission, power transformers, switchgear, protection,
length within the possible bounds some of the older and optical fibres in power systems and aspects of
material has been deleted to make way for new text. installation with an additional chapter on the nature of
The organisation of the book has been recast in the electromagnetic transients.
following format with the aim of facilitating quick access Power Systems (Chapters 39±43) gathers together those
to information. topics concerned with present day power system planning
General Principles (Chapters 1±3) covers basic scientific and power system operation and control, together with
background material relevant to electrical engineering. It aspects of related reactive power plant and FACTS
includes chapters on units, mathematics and physical controllers. Chapters are included on electricity economics
quantities, electrotechnology and network analysis. and trading in the liberalised electricity supply industry now
existing in many countries, plus an analysis of the power
Materials & Processes (Chapters 4±10) describes the supply quality necessary for modern industrialised nations.
fundamentals and range of materials encountered in Sectors ofElectricity Use (Chapters 44±49) is a concluding
electrical engineering in terms of their electromechanical, section comprising chapters on the special requirements of
thermoelectric and electromagnetic properties. Included agriculture and horticulture, roads, railways, ships, aircraft,
are chapters on the fundamental properties of materials, and mining with a final chapter providing a preliminary
conductors and superconductors, semiconductors, insu- guide to Standards and Certification.
lation, magnetic materials, electroheat and materials pro-
cessing and welding and soldering. Although every effort has been made to cover the scope of
electrical engineering, the nature of the subject and the
Control (Chapters 11±16) is a largely new section with six manner in which it is evolving makes it inevitable that
chapters on electrical measurement and instruments, improvements and additions are possible and desirable. In
industrial instrumentation for process control, classical order to ensure that the reference information provided
control systems theory, fundamentals of digital control, remains accurate and relevant, communications from
microprocessors and programmable controllers. professional engineers are invited and all are given careful
Power Electronics and Drives (Chapters 17±20) reflect the consideration in the revision and preparation of new
significance of upto 50% of all electrical power passing editions of the book.
through semiconductor conversion. The subjects included The expert contributions made by all the authors involved
of greatest importance to industry, particularly those and their patience through the editorial process is gratefully
related to the area of electrical variable speed drives, acknowledged.
comprise power semiconductor devices, electronic M. A. Laughton
power conversion, electrical machine drives, motors and D. F. Warne
actuators. 2002