Electrical engineering: principles and applications

913 Pages·154.21 MB·English

by  Hambley, Allan R

Electrical Engineering
Principles and Applications
SIXTH EDITION
Allan R. Hambley
DepartmentofElectricalandComputerEngineering
MichiganTechnologicalUniversity
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The rights of Allan R. Hambley to be identified as the author of this work has been asserted by him in accordance with the
Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988.
Authorized adaptation from the United States edition, entitled Electrical Engineering—Principles and Applications,
6th edition, ISBN 978-0-273-79325-0, by Allan R. Hambley, published by Pearson Education, Inc., Copyright © 2012.
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Indian Subcontinent Adaptation
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To Judy,Tony,Pam,and Mason
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Practical Applications
of Electrical Engineering Principles
1.1
UsingResistancetoMeasureStrain 47
2.1
AnImportantEngineeringProblem:Energy-StorageSystemsforElectricVehicles 118
3.1
ElectronicPhotoFlash 163
4.1
ElectronicsandtheArtofAutomotiveMaintenance 208
6.1
ActiveNoiseCancellation 307
7.1
BiomedicalEngineeringApplicationofElectronics:CardiacPacemaker 405
8.1
FreshBreadAnyone? 428
9.1
TheVirtualFirst-DownLine 464
11.1
ElectronicStudFinder 569
12.1
WhereDidThoseTroutGo? 613
13.1
SoupUpYourAutomobilebyChangingItsSoftware? 640
14.1
MechanicalApplicationofNegativeFeedback:PowerSteering 688
16.1
MagneticFlowmeters,Faraday,andTheHuntforRedOctober 792
4
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Contents
PracticalApplicationsof 3.3 PhysicalCharacteristicsof
ElectricalEngineeringPrinciples 4 Capacitors 152
3.4 Inductance 156
Preface 13
3.5 InductancesinSeries
andParallel 161
1 3.6 PracticalInductors 162
3.7 MutualInductance 165
Introduction 19 3.8 SymbolicIntegrationand
1.1 OverviewofElectricalEngineering 20 DifferentiationUsingMATLAB 166
1.2 Circuits,Currents,andVoltages 24 Summary 170
1.3 PowerandEnergy 31 Problems 171
1.4 Kirchhoff’sCurrentLaw 34
1.5 Kirchhoff’sVoltageLaw 37
1.6 IntroductiontoCircuitElements 40 4
1.7 IntroductiontoCircuits 48
Transients 180
Summary 52
Problems 53 4.1 First-OrderRC Circuits 181
4.2 DCSteadyState 185
2 4.3 RLCircuits 187
4.4 RCandRLCircuitswithGeneral
Resistive Circuits 64
Sources 191
2.1 ResistancesinSeriesandParallel 65 4.5 Second-OrderCircuits 197
2.2 NetworkAnalysisbyUsingSeries 4.6 TransientAnalysisUsingtheMATLAB
andParallelEquivalents 69 SymbolicToolbox 209
2.3 Voltage-DividerandCurrent-Divider Summary 215
Circuits 73 Problems 216
2.4 Node-VoltageAnalysis 78
2.5 Mesh-CurrentAnalysis 97
2.6 ThéveninandNortonEquivalent 5
Circuits 106
Steady-State Sinusoidal Analysis 227
2.7 SuperpositionPrinciple 119
2.8 WheatstoneBridge 122 5.1 SinusoidalCurrentsandVoltages 228
Summary 125 5.2 Phasors 234
Problems 127 5.3 ComplexImpedances 240
5.4 CircuitAnalysiswithPhasorsand
3 ComplexImpedances 243
5.5 PowerinACCircuits 249
Inductance and Capacitance 142
5.6 ThéveninandNortonEquivalent
3.1 Capacitance 143 Circuits 262
3.2 CapacitancesinSeriesandParallel 150 5.7 BalancedThree-PhaseCircuits 267
5
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6 Contents
5.8 ACAnalysisUsingMATLAB 279 9
Summary 283
Computer-BasedInstrumentationSystems 453
Problems 284
9.1 MeasurementConcepts
andSensors 454
6
9.2 SignalConditioning 459
Frequency Response, Bode Plots, 9.3 Analog-to-DigitalConversion 466
and Resonance 298 9.4 LabVIEW 469
Summary 482
6.1 FourierAnalysis,Filters,andTransfer
Problems 483
Functions 299
6.2 First-OrderLowpassFilters 307
6.3 Decibels,theCascadeConnection, 10
andLogarithmicFrequencyScales 312
Diodes 487
6.4 BodePlots 316
6.5 First-OrderHighpassFilters 319 10.1 BasicDiodeConcepts 488
6.6 SeriesResonance 323 10.2 Load-LineAnalysisofDiode
6.7 ParallelResonance 328 Circuits 491
6.8 IdealandSecond-OrderFilters 331 10.3 Zener-DiodeVoltage-Regulator
6.9 TransferFunctionsandBodePlots Circuits 494
withMATLAB 337 10.4 Ideal-DiodeModel 498
6.10 DigitalSignalProcessing 342 10.5 Piecewise-LinearDiodeModels 500
Summary 351 10.6 RectifierCircuits 503
Problems 353 10.7 Wave-ShapingCircuits 508
10.8 LinearSmall-SignalEquivalent
7 Circuits 513
Summary 519
Logic Circuits 367 Problems 519
7.1 BasicLogicCircuitConcepts 368
7.2 RepresentationofNumericalData 11
inBinaryForm 371
7.3 CombinatorialLogicCircuits 379 Amplifiers: Specifications and External
7.4 SynthesisofLogicCircuits 386 Characteristics 531
7.5 MinimizationofLogicCircuits 393 11.1 BasicAmplifierConcepts 532
7.6 SequentialLogicCircuits 397 11.2 CascadedAmplifiers 537
Summary 408 11.3 PowerSuppliesandEfficiency 540
Problems 409 11.4 AdditionalAmplifierModels 543
11.5 ImportanceofAmplifierImpedances
8 inVariousApplications 546
11.6 IdealAmplifiers 549
Computers and Microcontrollers 420
11.7 FrequencyResponse 550
8.1 ComputerOrganization 421 11.8 LinearWaveformDistortion 555
8.2 MemoryTypes 424 11.9 PulseResponse 559
8.3 DigitalProcessControl 426 11.10 TransferCharacteristicandNonlinear
8.4 ProgrammingModelfortheHCS12/9S12 Distortion 562
Family 429 11.11 DifferentialAmplifiers 564
8.5 TheInstructionSetandAddressing 11.12 OffsetVoltage,BiasCurrent,
ModesfortheCPU12 433 andOffsetCurrent 568
8.6 Assembly-LanguageProgramming 442 Summary 573
Summary 447 Problems 574
Problems 448
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Contents 7
12
15
Field-Effect Transistors 586
Magnetic Circuits and
12.1 NMOSandPMOSTransistors 587
Transformers 732
12.2 Load-LineAnalysis of a Simple NMOS
Amplifier 594 15.1 MagneticFields 733
12.3 BiasCircuits 597 15.2 MagneticCircuits 742
12.4 Small-SignalEquivalentCircuits 600 15.3 InductanceandMutualInductance 747
12.5 Common-SourceAmplifiers 605 15.4 MagneticMaterials 751
12.6 SourceFollowers 608 15.5 IdealTransformers 755
12.7 CMOSLogicGates 613 15.6 RealTransformers 762
Summary 618 Summary 767
Problems 619 Problems 767
16
13
DC Machines 778
Bipolar Junction Transistors 629
16.1 OverviewofMotors 779
13.1 CurrentandVoltageRelationships 630 16.2 PrinciplesofDCMachines 788
13.2 Common-EmitterCharacteristics 633 16.3 RotatingDCMachines 793
13.3 Load-LineAnalysisofa 16.4 Shunt-ConnectedandSeparatelyExcited
Common-EmitterAmplifier 634 DCMotors 799
13.4 pnpBipolarJunctionTransistors 640 16.5 Series-ConnectedDCMotors 804
13.5 Large-SignalDCCircuitModels 642 16.6 SpeedControlofDCMotors 808
13.6 Large-SignalDCAnalysisofBJT 16.7 DCGenerators 812
Circuits 645 Summary 817
13.7 Small-SignalEquivalentCircuits 652 Problems 818
13.8 Common-EmitterAmplifiers 655
13.9 EmitterFollowers 660 17
Summary 666
AC Machines 829
Problems 667
17.1 Three-PhaseInductionMotors 830
17.2 Equivalent-CircuitandPerformance
14 CalculationsforInduction
Motors 838
Operational Amplifiers 677 17.3 SynchronousMachines 847
14.1 IdealOperationalAmplifiers 678 17.4 Single-PhaseMotors 859
14.2 InvertingAmplifiers 679 17.5 StepperMotorsandBrushless
14.3 NoninvertingAmplifiers 686 DCMotors 862
14.4 DesignofSimpleAmplifiers 689 Summary 864
14.5 Op-AmpImperfectionsintheLinear Problems 865
RangeofOperation 694
14.6 NonlinearLimitations 698
14.7 DCImperfections 703 APPENDICES
14.8 DifferentialandInstrumentation
A
Amplifiers 707
14.9 IntegratorsandDifferentiators 709 Complex Numbers 873
14.10 ActiveFilters 712
Summary 716 Summary 880
Problems 717 Problems 880
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8 Contents
B D
Nominal Values and the Color Code for Answers for the Practice Tests 888
Resistors 882
C
Index 897
The Fundamentals of Engineering
Examination 884
List of Examples
Chapter 1
2.13 Mesh-CurrentAnalysis 100
1.1 DeterminingCurrentGivenCharge 27 2.14 WritingMeshEquationsDirectlyin 102
MatrixForm
1.2 PowerCalculations 32
2.15 Mesh-CurrentAnalysiswithControlled 105
1.3 EnergyCalculation 33
Sources
1.4 ResistanceCalculation 46 2.16 DeterminingtheThéveninEquivalent 108
1.5 DeterminingResistanceforGivenPower 48 Circuit
andVoltageRatings 2.17 ZeroingSourcestoFindThévenin 109
1.6 CircuitAnalysisUsingArbitrary 50 Resistance
References 2.18 ThéveninEquivalentofaCircuitwitha 111
1.7 UsingKVL,KCL,andOhm’sLaw 51 DependentSource
toSolveaCircuit 2.19 NortonEquivalentCircuit 113
2.20 UsingSourceTransformations 115
Chapter 2
2.21 DeterminingMaximumPowerTransfer 118
2.1 CombiningResistancesinSeries 67
2.22 CircuitAnalysisUsingSuperposition 121
andParallel
2.2 CircuitAnalysisUsingSeries/Parallel 70 2.23 UsingaWheatstoneBridgetoMeasure 124
Equivalents Resistance
2.3 ApplicationoftheVoltage-Division 74
Principle Chapter 3
2.4 ApplyingtheCurrent-and 75
Voltage-DivisionPrinciples 3.1 DeterminingCurrentforaCapacitance 145
2.5 ApplicationoftheCurrent-Division 76 GivenVoltage
Principle 3.2 DeterminingVoltageforaCapacitance 147
2.6 Node-VoltageAnalysis 81 GivenCurrent
2.7 Node-VoltageAnalysis 84 3.3 Current,Power,andEnergyfora 149
Capacitance
2.8 Node-VoltageAnalysis 87
3.4 CalculatingCapacitanceGivenPhysical 153
2.9 Node-VoltageAnalysis 89
Parameters
2.10 Node-VoltageAnalysiswithaDependent 92 3.5 WhatHappenedtotheMissingEnergy? 155
Source
3.6 Voltage,Power,andEnergyforan 159
2.11 Node-VoltageAnalysiswithaDependent 93
Inductance
Source
3.7 InductorCurrentwithConstantApplied 160
2.12 Mesh-CurrentAnalysis 99
Voltage
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Contents 9
3.8 IntegrationandDifferentiationUsing 167 6.3 CalculationofRCLowpassOutput 310
theMATLABSymbolicToolbox
6.4 DeterminationoftheBreakFrequency 322
foraHighpassFilter
Chapter 4 6.5 SeriesResonantCircuit 327
6.6 ParallelResonantCircuit 330
4.1 Steady-StateDCAnalysis 185
6.7 FilterDesign 335
4.2 RLTransientAnalysis 187
6.8 Computer-GeneratedBodePlot 337
4.3 RLTransientAnalysis 189
6.9 BodePlotUsingtheMATLABSymbolic 340
4.4 TransientAnalysisofanRCCircuitwith 194 Toolbox
aSinusoidalSource 6.10 StepResponseofaFirst-OrderDigital 346
4.5 AnalysisofaSecond-OrderCircuitwith 201 LowpassFilter
aDCSource
4.6 Computer-AidedSolutionofaFirst- 210 Chapter 7
OrderCircuit
7.1 ConvertingaDecimalIntegertoBinary 372
4.7 Computer-AidedSolutionofa 211
Second-OrderCircuit 7.2 ConvertingaDecimalFractiontoBinary 372
4.8 Computer-AidedSolutionofaSystemof 213 7.3 ConvertingDecimalValuestoBinary 373
DifferentialEquations
7.4 AddingBinaryNumbers 373
7.5 ConvertingOctalandHexadecimal 374
Chapter 5 NumberstoBinary
7.6 ConvertingBinaryNumberstoOctalor 375
5.1 PowerDeliveredtoaResistancebya 231
Hexadecimal
SinusoidalSource
7.7 SubtractionUsingTwo’s-Complement 377
5.2 RMSValueofaTriangularVoltage 232
Arithmetic
5.3 UsingPhasorstoAddSinusoids 237 7.8 UsingaTruthTabletoProveaBoolean 381
Expression
5.4 Steady-StateACAnalysisofaSeries 244
7.9 ApplyingDeMorgan’sLaws 384
Circuit
7.10 CombinatorialLogicCircuitDesign 389
5.5 SeriesandParallelCombinationsof 246
ComplexImpedances 7.11 FindingtheMinimumSOPFormfora 395
5.6 Steady-StateACNode-Voltage 247 LogicFunction
Analysis 7.12 FindingtheMinimumPOSFormfora 396
5.7 ACPowerCalculations 256 LogicFunction
5.8 UsingPowerTriangles 258
5.9 Power-FactorCorrection 261 Chapter 8
5.10 ThéveninandNortonEquivalents 263
8.1 AnAssembly-LanguageProgram 443
5.11 MaximumPowerTransfer 265
8.2 AbsoluteValueAssemblyProgram 443
5.12 AnalysisofaWye–WyeSystem 273
8.3 ManualConversionofSourceCodeto 444
5.13 AnalysisofaBalancedDelta–Delta 277 MachineCode
System
8.4 SubroutineSourceCode 445
5.14 PhasorMesh-CurrentAnalysiswith 281
MATLAB
Chapter 9
Chapter 6
9.1 SensorLoading 456
6.1 UsingtheTransferFunctionto 302 9.2 SpecificationsforaComputer-Based 468
DeterminetheOutput MeasurementSystem
6.2 UsingtheTransferFunctionwithSeveral 304
InputComponents
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