Electric and Hybrid Cars PDF
Preview Electric and Hybrid Cars
Electric and Hybrid Cars SECOND EDITION This page intentionally left blank Electric and Hybrid Cars A History Second Edition C D. A and URTIS NDERSON J A UDY NDERSON McFarland & Company, Inc., Publishers Jefferson, North Carolina, and London LIBRARYOFCONGRESSCATALOGUING-IN-PUBLICATIONDATA Anderson, Curtis D. (Curtis Darrel), 1947– Electric and hybrid cars : a history / Curtis D. Anderson and Judy Anderson.—2nd ed. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-0-7864-3301-8 softcover : 50# alkaline paper 1. Electric automobiles. 2. Hybrid electric cars. I. Anderson, Judy, 1946– II. Title. TL220.A53 2010 629.22'93—dc22 2010004216 British Library cataloguing data are available ©2010 Curtis D. Anderson. All rights reserved No part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying or recording, or by any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. On the cover: (clockwise from top left) Cutaway of hybrid vehicle (©20¡0 Scott Maxwell/LuMaxArt); ¡892 William Morrison Electric Wagon; 20¡0 Honda Insight; diagram of controller circuits of a recharging motor, ¡900 Manufactured in the United States of America McFarland & Company, Inc., Publishers Box 611, Je›erson, North Carolina 28640 www.mcfarlandpub.com To my family, in gratitude for making car trips such a happy time. (J.A.A.) This page intentionally left blank T C ABLE OF ONTENTS Acronyms and Initialisms ix Preface 1 Introduction: The Birth of the Automobile Industry 3 1. The Evolution of the Electric Vehicle 21 2. Politics 60 3. Environment 106 4. Technology 138 5. Marketing 166 6. Conclusion 222 Appendix: Hybrids Defined 233 Chapter Notes 235 Selected Bibliography 245 Index 249 vii This page intentionally left blank A I CRONYMS AND NITIALISMS ACEEE—American Council for an Energy Efficient Economy AFV—Alternative Fuel Vehicle ALABC—Advanced Lead-Acid Battery Consortium AMC—American Motors Corporation APS—Arizona Public Service AT-PZEV—Advanced Technology Partial Zero Emission Vehicles BEV—Battery Electric Vehicles CaFCP—California Fuel Cell Partnership CAFE—Corporate Average Fuel Economy CARB—California Air Resources Board CAUCA—Californians Against Utility Company Abuse CFA—Central Facilities Area CMA—California Manufacturers Association CMAQ—Congestion Mitigation and Air Quality Program CNG—Compressed Natural Gas DOE—Department of Energy EPA—Environmental Protection Agency EPAct—Energy Policy Act (1992) ERDA—Energy Research and Development Agency ETA—Electric Transportation Applications EV—Electric Vehicle FCEV—Fuel Cell Electric Vehicles FCV—Fuel Cell Vehicle FOP—Field Operations Program FTA—Federal Transit Act GM—General Motors HEV—Hybrid Electric Vehicle ICE—Internal Combustion Engine INEEL—Idaho National Engineering and Environmental Laboratory ISTEA—Intermodal Surface Transportation Efficiency Act LAW—League of American Wheelmen LEV—Low Emission Vehicle LEVP—Low Emission Vehicle Program LiION—Lithium Ion (battery) LNG—Liquefied Natural Gas ix
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