Electoral Rules and the Transformation of Bolivian Politics: The Rise of Evo Morales

246 Pages·2008·5.023 MB·English

by  Betilde Muñoz-Pogossian (auth.)

ELECTORAL RULES AND
THE TRANSFORMATION
OF BOLIVIAN POLITICS
ELECTORAL RULES AND
THE TRANSFORMATION
OF BOLIVIAN POLITICS
THE RISE OF EVO MORALES
Betilde Muñoz-Pogossian
ELECTORAL RULES AND THE TRANSFORMATION OF BOLIVIAN POLITICS
Copyright © Betilde Muñoz-Pogossian, 2008.
Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 2008 978-0-230-60819-1
All rights reserved.
First published in 2008 by
PALGRAVE MACMILLAN®
in the US—a division of St. Martin’s Press LLC,
175 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY 10010.
Where this book is distributed in the UK, Europe and the rest of the world,
this is by Palgrave Macmillan, a division of Macmillan Publishers Limited,
registered in England, company number 785998, of Houndmills,
Basingstoke, Hampshire RG21 6XS.
Palgrave Macmillan is the global academic imprint of the above companies
and has companies and representatives throughout the world.
Palgrave® and Macmillan® are registered trademarks in the United States,
the United Kingdom, Europe and other countries.
ISBN 978-1-349-37492-2 ISBN 978-0-230-61546-5 (eBook)
DOI 10.1057/9780230615465
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Muñoz-Pogossian, Betilde.
Electoral rules and the transformation of Bolivian politics : the rise of
Evo Morales / Betilde Muñoz-Pogossian.
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
1. Bolivia—Politics and government—1982– 2. Morales Ayma, Evo,
1959– 3. Movimiento al Socialismo (Bolivia) 4. Bolivia—Politics and
government—21st century. I. Title.
JL2231.M86 2008
324.6(cid:1)30984—dc22 2008012344
A catalogue record of the book is available from the British Library.
Design by Newgen Imaging Systems (P) Ltd., Chennai, India.
First edition: October 2008
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
This is dedicated to my family—thanks for your support,
love and the joy you bring to my life.
CONTENTS
List of Tables ix
List of Figures xi
List of Acronyms xiii
1 T he Rise of Evo Morales through an Electoral Lens:
An Introduction 1
2 B olivia’s Founding Pacts: The Pact for Democracy
and the Patriotic Accord through an Electoral Lens 31
3 Paving the Way for the Transformation of Bolivian
Politics: Electoral Reforms and Coalition Building 81
4 Crumbling Coalitions? Assessing the Transformation
of Bolivian Politics 143
5 Explaining Evo Morales’s Rise to Power:
The Unintended [or Intended?] Political
Consequences of Electoral Laws 187
Notes 209
Bibliography 223
Index 237
LIST OF TABLES
2.1 The Pact for Democracy: Incentives for Coalition Building 39
2.2 Legislative Leadership, 1985–1989 49
2.3 Paz Estenssoro Administration: Cabinet 1 51
2.4 Paz Estenssoro Administration: Cabinet 2 52
2.5 Paz Estenssoro Administration: Cabinet 3 53
2.6 Paz Estenssoro Administration: Cabinets 4 and 5 54
2.7 Composition of the Political Council of the Patriotic
Accord or COPAP 68
2.8 Paz Zamora Administration: Cabinet 1 73
3.1 Sanchez de Lozada Administration: Cabinet 1 103
3.2 Sanchez de Lozada Administration: Cabinet 2 104
3.3 Sanchez de Lozada Administration: Cabinets 3 and 4 106
3.4 Uninominal and Plurinominal Deputies in the 1997–2002
Chamber of Deputies 115
4.1 Uninominal and Plurinominal Deputies in the Chamber
of Deputies, 2002–2005 152
4.2 Sanchez de Lozada: Cabinet 2 161
4.3 Sanchez de Lozada: Cabinet 3 163
4.4 Mesa Administration: Cabinet 1 169
4.5 Mesa Administration: Cabinet 2 171
4.6 Mesa Administration: Cabinet 3 175
5.1 Electoral Reforms in Bolivia, 1986–2004 195
LIST OF FIGURES
2.1 Results of the 1985 Elections 35
2.2 Composition of the 1985–1989 Chamber of Deputies 37
3.1 Results of the 1993 Elections 82
3.2 Composition of the 1993–1997 Chamber of Deputies 87
4.1 Results of the 2002 Elections 150
4.2 Composition of the 2002–2005 Chamber of Deputies 153
4.3 Composition of the 2002–2005 Senate 154
5.1 Party Representation in Paz Estenssoro’s Cabinet,
1985–1989 199
5.2 Party Representation in Paz Zamora’s Cabinet,
1989–1993 199
5.3 Party Representation in Sanchez de Lozada’s Cabinet,
1993–1997 200
5.4 Party Representation in Banzer’s Cabinet, 1997–2001 200
5.5 Party Representation in Quiroga’s Cabinet, 2001–2002 201
5.6 Party Representation in Sanchez de Lozada’s Cabinet,
2002–2005 201
5.7 Party Representation in Mesa’s Cabinet, 2003–2005 202
5.8 Party Representation in Evo Morales’s Cabinet,
2005–Present 202
LIST OF ACRONYMS
ADN Acción Democrática Nacionalista
AP Acuerdo Patriótico
ASP Asamblea Soberana del Pueblo
CEPB Confederación de Empresarios de Bolivia
CIPC Centro de Investigación y Promoción del Campesinado
CNE Corte Nacional Electoral
COB Central Obrera Boliviana
COMIBOL Corporación de Mineros de Bolivia
CONDEPA Conciencia de Patria
CONEPLAN Consejo Nacional de Economía y Planificación
CSUTCB Conderación Sindical Unica de Trabajadores Campesinos
de Bolivia
CPE Constitución Politica du Estado
ENDE Empresa Nacional de Electricidad
ENFE Empresa Nacional de Ferrocarriles
FEJUVE Federación de Juntas Vecinales
FRI Frente Revolucionario de Izquierda
FSB Falange Socialista Boliviana
FTAA Free Trade Agreement of the America
IU Izquierda Unida
LAB Lloyd Aérea Boliviana
LPP Ley de Participación Popular
MAS Movimiento al Socialismo
MBL Movimiento Bolivia Libre
MIP Movimiento Indígena Pachakuti
MIR Movimiento de Izquierda Revolucionario
MNR Movimiento Nacional Revolucionario
MNR-I Movimiento Nacional Revolucionario de Izquierda
MRTKL Movimiento Revolucionario Tupaj Katari L
NFR Nueva Fuerza Republicana
xiv LIST OF ACRONYMS
NPE Nueva Política Económica
OTBs Organizaciones Territoriales de Base
PCB Partido Comunista Boliviano
PDC Partido Demócrata Cristiano
POR Partido Obrero Revolucionario
PS Partido Socialista
SMD Single Member District
UCS Unión Cívica Solidaridad
UDP Unión Democrática Popular
UMSA Universidad Mayor de San Andrés
VC Vigilance Committees
YPFB Yacimientos Petrolíferos Fiscales Bolivianos