Elections in the Americas: A Data Handbook Volume 2: South America PDF
Preview Elections in the Americas: A Data Handbook Volume 2: South America
ELECTIONSINTHEAMERICAS ADATAHANDBOOK Elections in the Americas continues the series of election data handbooks published by Oxford University Press. Together with Elections in Asia and the Pacific and Elections in Africa, this is a highly reliable resource for historicalandcross-nationalcomparisonsofelectionsandelectoralsystems world-wide. Elections in the Americas A Data Handbook VOLUME II South America Editedby DIETER NOHLEN 1 3 GreatClarendonStreet,Oxfordox26dp OxfordUniversityPressisadepartmentoftheUniversityofOxford ItfurtherstheUniversity’sobjectiveofexcellenceinresearch,scholarship, andeducationbypublishingworldwidein OxfordNewYork Auckland CapeTown DaresSalaam HongKong Karachi KualaLumpur Madrid Melbourne MexicoCity Nairobi NewDelhi Shanghai Taipei Toronto Withofficesin Argentina Austria Brazil Chile CzechRepublic France Greece Guatemala Hungary Italy Japan SouthKorea Poland Portugal Singapore Switzerland Thailand Turkey Ukraine Vietnam PublishedintheUnitedStates byOxfordUniversityPressInc.,NewYork (cid:1)DieterNohlen2005 Themoralrightsoftheauthorhavebeenasserted DatabaserightOxfordUniversityPress(maker) Firstpublished2005 AllrightsreservedNopartofthispublicationmaybereproduced, storedinaretrievalsystem,ortransmitted,inanyformorbyanymeans, withoutthepriorpermissioninwritingofOxfordUniversityPress, orasexpresslypermittedbylaw,orundertermsagreedwiththeappropriate reprographicsrightsorganization.Enquiriesconcerningreproduction outsidethescopeoftheaboveshouldbesenttotheRightsDepartment, OxfordUniversityPress,attheaddressabove Youmustnotcirculatethisbookinanyotherbindingorcover andyoumustimposethissameconditiononanyacquirer BritishLibraryCataloguinginPublicationData Dataavailable LibraryofCongressCataloginginPublicationData Dataavailable ISBN0-19-928357-5Vol-I ISBN0-19-928358-3Vol-2 ISBN0-19-925358-7(2-Volumeset) 3 5 7 9 10 8 6 4 2 TypesetbytheEditor PrintedinGreatBritain onacid-freepaperby BiddlesLtd.,King’sLynn Preface This two-volume work is the third installment in the series of election data handbooks published by Oxford University Press. Five years after the publication of the first title, Elections in Africa and three years after the publication of Elections in Asia and the Pacific, I now present the first compendium of electoral data that includes all American countries, from the introduction of universal male suffrage to the present day. The final part of the series Elections Worldwide, covering elections in Europe, is currently underway. The basic idea of these handbooks—systematic and historically com- plete documentation of elections in all countries worldwide—is almost 40 years old. The idea was born in the early 1960s, when Dolf Sternber- ger and Bernhard Vogel embarked on an extensive research project on the election of parliaments at the University of Heidelberg (Wahl der Parlamente und anderer Staatsorgane). Since then, several research pro- jects on elections and electoral systems have been carried out in Heidel- berg, including empirical and theoretical publications covering the entire world. In 1978 a voluminous work on Africa was published under the subtitle Politische Organisation und Repräsentation in Afrika (Political Organization and Representation in Africa). In the same year I finished Wahlsysteme der Welt (Electoral Systems of the World), internationally better known in its Spanish version (Sistemas electorales del mundo, 1981). In the late 1980s an international research team under my directi- on began working on parliamentary and presidential elections in Latin America and the Caribbean. The main result concerning electoral data was published in 1993 in German (Handbuch der Wahldaten Latein- amerikas und der Karibik) and in Spanish (Enciclopedia Electoral Lati- noamericana y del Caribe). A new project on elections and democratization in Africa and Latin America started in 1996. This pro- ject provided an ideal framework to revive the old idea of a worldwide compendium of electoral data. The first book in this new series was Elections in Africa (1999), edi- ted by Dieter Nohlen, Michael Krennerich, and Bernhard Thibaut, fol- lowed by Elections in Asia and the Pacific (2001), edited by Dieter Nohlen, Florian Grotz, and Christof Hartmann. Elections in the Americas is based on our previous work Handbuch der Wahldaten. But even so, most of the articles required a lot of time and energy in their elaboration: Collecting the relevant information, fit- vi ting the quantitative and qualitative data into a strict series of guidelines and often recalculating national data according to our standards. The editorial team demanded a great deal of patience from the authors, who had to answer never-ending questions. Such a work produces an appa- rently paradoxical outcome: the more time spent on enhancing an article, the clearer and simpler it finally appears to the reader. I am deeply grateful to the 31 contributors from more then ten diffe- rent countries for their cooperation, patience, and encouragement. We have learnt a lot from them in these three years and their empathy with this project has become a decisive stimulus for us. I am also especially grateful to those individuals and organizations that made this book possible. First of all, I owe much to my editorial team in Heidelberg: Matthias Catón, Philip Stöver, and Matthias Trefs have tirelessly edited the articles and collected and standardized the re- levant information. Katrin Falk, Julia Leininger, Arthur Mickoleit, Flori- an Rehli, and Johannes Schwehm helped in different phases of the project and Dominique Le Cocq provided most valuable help in revising the English version. I would also like to thank the Institut für Politische Wissenschaft (In- stitute of Political Science) at the University of Heidelberg for accom- modating the project, the International Foundation for Electoral Systems (IFES) in Washington, the Instituto Interamericano de Derechos Huma- nos (IIDH; Inter-American Institute for Human Rights) in Costa Rica, especially its Center for Electoral Assistance and Promotion (CAPEL), and the International Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance (IDEA) in Stockholm. I am also indebted to the Deutsche Forschungs- gemeinschaft (DFG; German Research Foundation), which supported the production of the typescript financially. Finally, I thank Dominic Byatt and Claire Croft at Oxford University Press for their encouragement and professional support. Working with them has been a pleasure. Heidelberg, February 2005 Dieter Nohlen Contents Notes on the Editor and Contributors. ....................................................ix Technical Notes.................................................................................... xiii Elections and Electoral Systems in the Americas (D. Nohlen) ................1 Argentina (M. P. Jones/ M. Lauga/ M. León-Roesch) ...........................59 Bolivia (J. Lazarte R.) ..........................................................................123 Brazil (B. Lamounier/ O. Amorim Neto).............................................163 Chile (D. Nohlen).................................................................................253 Colombia (J. Jaramillo/ B. Franco-Cuervo) .........................................295 Ecuador (D. Nohlen/ S. Pachano).........................................................365 Paraguay (M. León-Roesch/ R. Ortiz Ortiz).........................................411 Peru (F. Tuesta Soldevilla)...................................................................445 Uruguay (D. Nohlen)............................................................................487 Venezuela (J. Molina/ B. Thibaut) .......................................................535 Glossary ...............................................................................................593 This page intentionally left blank Notes on the Editor and Contributors Editor DIETER NOHLEN is professor of political science at the University of Heidelberg and a well-known expert on electoral systems, political de- velopment, and democratization with a focus on Latin America. He re- ceived the Max Planck prize for internationally outstanding research in 1991, and the University of Augsburg prize for research on Spain and Latin America in 2000. His numerous books include Wahlsysteme der Welt (1978; Spanish edn. 1981), Elections and Electoral Systems (1996), Wahlrecht und Parteiensystem (4th edn. 2004), Sistemas electorales y partidos politicos (3rd edn. 2004). He is editor of a seven-volume ency- clopedia Lexikon der Politik (1992–1998), and co-editor of Tratado de Derecho Electoral Comparado de América Latina (1998; 2nd edn. 2005) as well as of an eight-volume Handbook of the Third World (3rd edn. 1991–1994), and a two volume encyclopedia of political science, Lexikon der Politikwissenschaft (2nd edn. 2004, Spanish edn. 2005). [E-mail: [email protected]] Contributors OCTAVIO AMORIM NETO received his Ph.D. in political science from the University of California at San Diego and is currently assistant professor of political science at the Graduate School of Economics at the Getulio Vargas Foundation at Rio de Janeiro. His publications have appeared in the American Journal of Political Science, Latin American Politics and Society, Legislative Studies Quarterly, Party Politics and World Politics. [E-Mail: [email protected]] BEATRIZ FRANCO CUERVO is a political scientist and holds a Ph.D. from the University of Heidelberg. She is currently working as a lecturer and researcher at the Faculty of Politics and Government of the Universidad del Rosario in Bogota, Colombia. [E-mail: [email protected]]
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