Election watchdogs : transparency, accountability and integrity

305 Pages·2017·2.496 MB·English

by  Nai, Alessandro, Norris, Pippa

Election Watchdogs

Election Watchdogs
Transparency, Accountability and Integrity
EDITED BY PIPPA NORRIS
and
ALESSANDRO NAI
1
1
Oxford University Press is a department of the University of Oxford. It furthers
the University’s objective of excellence in research, scholarship, and education
by publishing worldwide. Oxford is a registered trade mark of Oxford University
Press in the UK and certain other countries.
Published in the United States of America by Oxford University Press
198 Madison Avenue, New York, NY 10016, United States of America.
© Oxford University Press 2017
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in
a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, without the
prior permission in writing of Oxford University Press, or as expressly permitted
by law, by license, or under terms agreed with the appropriate reproduction
rights organization. Inquiries concerning reproduction outside the scope of the
above should be sent to the Rights Department, Oxford University Press, at the
address above.
You must not circulate this work in any other form
and you must impose this same condition on any acquirer.
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Names: Norris, Pippa, editor. | Nai, Alessandro, editor.
Title: Election watchdogs : transparency, accountability and integrity /
edited by Pippa Norris and Alessandro Nai.
Description: New York, NY : Oxford University Press, 2017. |
Includes bibliographical references and index.
Identifiers: LCCN 2016053533 | ISBN 9780190677800 (hardback) |
ISBN 9780190677817 (paperback)
Subjects: LCSH: Elections—Management. | Elections—Corrupt practices. |
Election monitoring. | Transparency in government. | BISAC: POLITICAL
SCIENCE / History & Theory. | POLITICAL SCIENCE / Political Ideologies /
Democracy. | POLITICAL SCIENCE / Political Process / General.
Classification: LCC JF1001.E334 2017 | DDC 324.6/5—dc23
LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2016053533
1 3 5 7 9 8 6 4 2
Paperback printed by WebCom, Inc., Canada
Hardback printed by Bridgeport National Bindery, Inc., United States of America
CONTENTS
List of Figures vii
List of Tables ix
Preface xi
About the Contributors xiii
PART I INTRODUCTION
1 Transparency in Electoral Governance 3
Pippa Norris
PART II UPWARD ACCOUNTABILITY TO
THE INTERNATIONAL COMMUNITY
2 International Monitors 31
Craig Arceneaux and Anika Leithner
3 International Enforcement 54
Daniela Donno
4 Electoral Reform 72
Ferran Martínez i Coma
5 Election Audits 92
Erica Shein and Chad Vickery
vi Contents
PART III HORIZONTAL ACCOUNTABILITY TO STATE ACTORS
6 Election Management 117
Holly Ann Garnett
7 Constitutional Courts 127
Armen Mazmanyan
8 Poll Workers 144
Alistair Clark and Toby S. James
PART IV DOWNWARD ACCOUNTABILITY TO CIVIL SOCIETY
9 Domestic Monitors 167
Max Grömping
10 The Fourth Estate 191
Alessandro Nai
PART V CONCLUSIONS
11 Electoral Transparency, Accountability and Integrity 213
Pippa Norris
Notes 231
References 239
Index 267
FIGURES
1.1 The transparency, accountability, and compliance chain
in electoral integrity 7
1.2 Levels of accountability in electoral governance 12
1.3 Types of electoral- management bodies 17
2.1 The electoral cycle 41
2.2 Ratings by observer organizations 49
3.1 Causal mechanisms of enforcement 57
3.2 Marginal effect of enforcement on electoral conduct 61
4.1 The policy cycle model for electoral reform 78
5.1 Summary of the application of the audit principles 112
7.1 Citations to extrastatutory sources in general cases 139
7.2 Citations to extrastatutory sources in electoral cases 140
7.3 Citations to international law in electoral cases 140
7.4 Citations to constitutions in electoral cases 140
8.1 A sequential approach to the impact of poll worker surveys
on electoral integrity 148
9.1 Model predicting the prevalence of domestic election- monitoring
initiatives (DEMIs) in a country 174
9.2 Number of DEMIs per million inhabitants in countries around
the world (2015) 177
9.3 Average number of DEMIs per million inhabitants by Freedom
House status 179
9.4 Predicted number of DEMIs in a country 184
10.1 The fairness of election coverage by traditional news media: A structure
of influences 194
10.2 Fair coverage of elections: Pressures and incentives 200
10.3 The fairness of election coverage by the magnitude
of political pressures 206
viii List of Figures
10.4 The fairness of election coverage by the magnitude of media market
competition 208
11.1 Model of electoral accountability 215
11.2 The chain of electoral accountability in parliamentary and presidential
democracies 217
11.3 Press freedom and electoral integrity 218
TABLES
2.1 Overview of case selection 39
2.2 Attention to stages of the electoral cycle 44
2.3 Reports ranking factual statements in the democracy approach 46
2.4 Reports ranking negative statements in the democracy approach 47
2.5 Comparison of PEI and DCI scores 51
3.1 Tools of enforcement 58
3.2 Predicted probability of postelection concessions with opposition
mobilization and international enforcement 65
3.3 Predicted probability of alternation in power with
international enforcement 67
3.4 Effect of enforcement, by international actor 68
4.1 Variable description 86
4.2 Models 88
6.1 Measuring transparency 121
6.2 Transparency scores by country 122
6.3 Transparency and EMB independence 123
6.4 EMB transparency and public perceptions of the fairness
of elections 125
8.1 Socioeconomic/ occupational representativeness of participating local
authorities, 2011 census (%) 154
8.2 Problems experienced by poll workers (%) 155
8.3 Recruitment methods (%) 157
8.4 Forms of poll worker training methods (%) 159
8.5 Electoral maladministration at the polls (%) 160
8.6 Satisfaction with democratic process (%) 162
9.1 Descriptive statistics of model variables 181
9.2 Explaining the number of domestic monitoring groups per country 182
10.1 Descriptive statistics 204
10.2 Determinants of fair election coverage 205