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ELASTOMER-BASED COMPOSITE MATERIALS Mechanical, Dynamic, and Microwave Properties and Engineering Applications ELASTOMER-BASED COMPOSITE MATERIALS Mechanical, Dynamic, and Microwave Properties and Engineering Applications Nikolay Dishovsky, PhD, DSc Mihail Mihaylov, PhD Apple Academic Press Inc. Apple Academic Press Inc. 3333 Mistwell Crescent 9 Spinnaker Way Oakville, ON L6L 0A2 Canada Waretown, NJ 08758 USA © 2018 by Apple Academic Press, Inc. No claim to original U.S. Government works International Standard Book Number-13: 978-1-77188-620-8 (Hardcover) International Standard Book Number-13: 978-1-315-15958-4 (eBook) All rights reserved. No part of this work may be reprinted or reproduced or utilized in any form or by any electronic, mechanical or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and re- cording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher or its distributor, except in the case of brief excerpts or quotations for use in reviews or critical articles. This book contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources. Reprinted material is quoted with permission and sources are indicated. Copyright for individual articles remains with the authors as indicated. A wide variety of references are listed. Reasonable efforts have been made to publish reliable data and information, but the authors, editors, and the publisher cannot assume responsibility for the validity of all materials or the consequences of their use. The authors, editors, and the publisher have attempted to trace the copyright holders of all material reproduced in this publication and apologize to copyright holders if permission to publish in this form has not been obtained. If any copyright material has not been acknowl- edged, please write and let us know so we may rectify in any future reprint. Trademark Notice: Registered trademark of products or corporate names are used only for explanation and identification without intent to infringe. Library and Archives Canada Cataloguing in Publication Dishovsky, Nikolay, 1953-, author Elastomer-based composite materials : mechanical, dynamic and microwave properties, and engineering applications / Nikolay Dishovsky, PhD, DSc, Mihail Mihaylov, PhD. Includes bibliographical references and index. Issued in print and electronic formats. ISBN 978-1-77188-620-8 (hardcover).--ISBN 978-1-315-15958-4 (PDF) 1. Elastomers. 2. Composite materials. I. Mihaylov, Mihail, 1981-, author II. Title. TA455.E4D57 2017 620.1'94 C2017-907434-2 C2017-907435-0 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Names: Dishovsky, Nikolay, author. | Mihaylov, Mihail, author. Title: Elastomer-based composite materials : mechanical, dynamic and microwave properties, and engineering applications / Nikolay Dishovsky, PhD, DSc, Mihail Mihaylov, PhD. Other titles: Elastomer based composite materials Description: Toronto; New Jersey : Apple Academic Press, 2017. | Includes bibliographical ref- erences and index. Identifiers: LCCN 2017055543 (print) | LCCN 2017056734 (ebook) | ISBN 9781315159584 (ebook) | ISBN 9781771886208 (hardcover : alk. paper) Subjects: LCSH: Elastomers. | Composite materials. Classification: LCC TA455.E4 (ebook) | LCC TA455.E4 D57 2017 (print) | DDC 620.1/94--dc23 LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2017055543 Apple Academic Press also publishes its books in a variety of electronic formats. Some content that appears in print may not be available in electronic format. For information about Apple Academic Press products, visit our website at www.appleacademicpress.com and the CRC Press website at www.crcpress.com ABOUT THE AUTHORS Nikolay Dishovsky Nikolay Dishovsky (born 1953) is a Full Professor who has been Head of the Department of Polymer Engineering at the University of Chem- ical Technology and Metallurgy, Sofia, Bulgaria since 2003. He obtained his PhD in 1983, working on the synthesis and application of elastomer- based microgels. In 1991, he became an associate professor in macromo- lecular chemistry. In 1997, Dishovsky earned his Doctor of Science degree defending a thesis on rubber composites containing specific functional fillers. Before his appointment as a Full Professor in rubber technology in 2000, he held DAAD and NATO Science Committee fellowships in Germany and Spain. He is particularly interested in rubber magnetic modi- fication, rubber-based composite materials, absorbing electromagnetic waves, and functional fillers. He has more than 200 publications in IF- and SJR-indexed journals and holds 41 patents. In 2001, his name was inscribed in the Golden Book of Bulgarian Inventors. In 2015, he was chosen as Inventor of the Year in Bulgaria, category “Chemistry and Biotechnology.” He has authored two books (Iv. Ivanov, N. Dishovsky, Patent Analyses, Sofia, IP Bulgaria, 2004; N. Dishovsky, G. Tsenkov, Rubber Handbook, Sofia, EC Print, 2006) and six textbooks (N. Dishovsky, II. Radulov, Transport Phenomena in Rubbers, Sofia, EC Print, 2007; N. Dishovsky, I. Radulov, R. Dimitrov, Reinforcing of Elastomers, Sofia, EC Print, 2005; N. Dishovsky, Ingredients for Rubber Compounds, Sofia, UCTM, 2004; N. Dishovsky, Ageing and Stabilisation of Elastomers, Sofia, Informa, 1998; St. Andreev, R. Peshleevsky, N. Dishovsky, Materials and Coatings Absorbing Ultra High Frequency Electromagnetic Waves, Sofia, VMT, 1991; IV. Mladenov, N. Dishovsky, Photooxidation and Stabilization of Polyolephines, Sofia, Technika, 1987) for students of the BSc, and MSc and PhD programs in polymeric engineering and polymer materials. He has supervised 20 PhD students and more than 70 BSc and MSc students. He has been project leader of more than 60 national and international proj- ects. The results from a considerable part of those projects have found application in real-life practice. vi About the Authors Mihail Mihaylov Mihail Mihaylov (born 1981) has been an Assistant Professor in the Depart- ment of Polymer Engineering at the University of Chemical Technology and Metallurgy, Sofia, Bulgaria since 2011. He obtained his PhD in 2010, working on the possibilities for recycling waste tires and rubber goods. He is particularly interested in rubber modification, modification of fillers, recy- cling of waste tires, rubber-based composite materials, absorbing electro- magnetic waves, and functional fillers. He has more than 25 publications in IF- and SJR-indexed journals and one patent. CONTENTS List of Abbreviations ........................................................................................ix List of Symbols ...............................................................................................xiii Preface ..........................................................................................................xvii Introduction ....................................................................................................xxi 1. Elastomer-Based Composite Materials: Opportunities for Broader Engineering Application ..................................................................1 2. Ingredients for Elastomer-Based Composite Materials: Requirements and Ecological Concerns ................................................................................9 3. Fillers for Elastomer-Based Composite Materials: Synthesis and Characterization ...................................................................27 4. Elastomer-Based Composite Materials Comprising Hybrid Fillers Obtained by Different Techniques .....................................41 5. Elastomer-Based Composite Materials Comprising Pyrolysis Carbon Black ..............................................................................149 6. Elastomer-Based Composite Materials Comprising Carbon Nanostructures ..............................................................................169 7. Elastomer-Based Composite Materials Comprising Modified Activated Carbons ......................................................................213 8. Elastomer-Based Composite Materials Comprising Ferrites .................273 9. Elastomer-Based Composite Materials Comprising Carbide and Boride Ceramics ...................................................................319 10. Elastomer-Based Composite Materials Comprising Calcined Kaolin .....393 11. Elastomer-Based Composites with Reduced Zinc Oxide Level ..............433 Index .....................................................................................................................475 LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS AES Auger electron spectroscopy AGU anhydroglucopyranose BE binding energies BET Brunauer–Emmett–Teller BJH Barrett–Joyner–Halenda BR butadiene rubber BSS Bulgarian State Standard CB carbon black CBS N-cyclohexyl-2-benzothiazolesulfenamide CCB conductive carbon black CCD detector charge coupled device detector CNT(s) carbon nanotubes CR chloroprene rubber CSM chlorosulfonated polyethylene CTAB cetyltrimethylammonium bromide DBP dibutylphthalate DBPA dibutylphthalate absorption DFT density functional theory DMTA dynamic mechanical thermal analysis DSC differential scanning calorimetry DTA differential thermal analysis DTAB dodecyltrimethylammonium bromide EDX, EDS energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy EMC electromagnetic compatibility EMI electromagnetic interference EMI SE electromagnetic interference shielding effectiveness EMI SM electromagnetic interference shielding material EMW electromagnetic wave(s) ENR epoxidized natural rubber EPDM ethylene–propylene diene terpolymer EU European Union FGS functionalized graphene sheets FMR, NFMR ferromagnetic resonance, natural ferromagnetic resonance FTIR Fourier transformed infrared spectroscopy

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