El No Murio, El Se Multiplico!

290 Pages·2015·6.63 MB·English

Antioch University
AURA - Antioch University Repository and Archive
Student & Alumni Scholarship, including
Dissertations & Theses
Dissertations & Theses
2015
“El No Murio, El Se Multiplico!” Hugo Chávez :
The Leadership and the Legacy on Race
Cynthia Ann McKinney
Antioch University - PhD Program in Leadership and Change
Follow this and additional works at:http://aura.antioch.edu/etds
Part of theAfrican American Studies Commons,African History Commons,American Politics
Commons,American Studies Commons,European History Commons,Inequality and Stratification
Commons,International Relations Commons,Latin American History Commons,Latin American
Studies Commons,Latina/o Studies Commons,Law and Politics Commons,Leadership Studies
Commons,Peace and Conflict Studies Commons,Policy History, Theory, and Methods Commons,
Political History Commons, and theRace and Ethnicity Commons
Recommended Citation
McKinney, Cynthia Ann, "“El No Murio, El Se Multiplico!” Hugo Chávez : The Leadership and the Legacy on Race" (2015).
Dissertations & Theses. 208.
http://aura.antioch.edu/etds/208
This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Student & Alumni Scholarship, including Dissertations & Theses at AURA - Antioch
University Repository and Archive. It has been accepted for inclusion in Dissertations & Theses by an authorized administrator of AURA - Antioch
University Repository and Archive. For more information, please [email protected], [email protected].
“
 EL
 NO
 MURIO,
 EL
 SE
 MULTIPLICO!”

HUGO
 CHÁVEZ:
 THE
 LEADERSHIP
 AND
 THE
 LEGACY
 ON
 RACE

CYNTHIA
 ANN
 McKINNEY

  A
 DISSERTATION

Submitted
 to
 the
 Ph.D.
 in
 Leadership
 and
 Change
 Program

of
 Antioch
 University

in
 partial
 fulfillment

of
 the
 requirements
 for
 the
 degree
 of

Doctor
 of
 Philosophy

May,
 2015
This
 is
 to
 certify
 that
 the
 Dissertation
 entitled:

“EL
 NO
 MURIO,
 EL
 SE
 MULTIPLICO!”

 HUGO
 CHÁVEZ:

 THE
 LEADERSHIP
 AND
 THE
 LEGACY
 ON
 RACE

prepared
 by

Cynthia
 Ann
 McKinney

is
 approved
 in
 partial
 fulfillment
 of
 the
 requirements
 for
 the
 degree
 of
 Doctor
 of
 Philosophy

in
 Leadership
 and
 Change.

Approved
 by:

_____________________________________________________________________________________________________

Al
 Guskin,
 Ph.D.,
 Chair

 date

_____________________________________________________________________________________________________

Philomena
 Essed,
 Ph.D.,
 Committee
 Member

 date

_____________________________________________________________________________________________________

Peter
 Dale
 Scott,
 Ph.D.,
 Committee
 Member

 date

_____________________________________________________________________________________________________

Joseph
 Jordan,
 Ph.D.,
 External
 Reader

 date
Copyright
 2015
 Cynthia
 Ann
 McKinney

All
 rights
 reserved
Acknowledgments

My
 Father

My
 Mother

My
 Son

My
 Supportive
 Family

My
 Auntie
 Hazel
 who
 survived
 Jim
 Crow,
 but
 not
 the
 U.S.
 health
 scare
 industry

Frank,
 Katie,
 and
 Brian
 Jackson

John
 Judge

Antioch
 University
 visionaries
 Al
 Guskin
 and
 Laurien
 Alexandre

Antioch
 Faculty,
 and
 oh
 what
 would
 we
 do
 without
 Deb!

My
 supportive
 Cohort
 11

My
 Dissertation
 Chair,
 Al
 Guskin,
 and
 Dissertation
 Committee

Participants

Dr.
 Donald
 Smith
 and
 Phil
 and
 Elaine
 Smith

Mario
 Chatman
 and
 Jocco
 Baccus

Community
 of
 Scholars
 whose
 work
 paved
 the
 way
 for
 this
 work

Community
 of
 supporters
 and
 well
 wishers
 whose
 moral
 support
 was
 invaluable,
 like

Henrietta
 Antoinin,
 Faye
 Coffield,
 Brother
 Steve,
 and
 Brenda
 Clemons

Norman
 Dale
 for
 editing

Mirna
 Lascano
 for
 everything!

Donald
 DeBerardinis
 who
 didn’t
 run
 away
 from
 his
 computer
 screaming
 every
 time
 I
 called

Glen
 Ford
 and
 Dedon
 Kamathi,
 and
 J.R.
 Valrey–Power
 to
 the
 People!

Unwavering
 Friends,
 including
 Lucy
 Grider-­‐Bradley
 and
 Ms.
 Claude
 Shaw

David
 Josué

Eddie
 Slaughter,
 Black
 Farmers,
 and
 Reverend
 Pinkney–Still
 Fighting
 to
 Free
 the
 Land!

Dr.
 Ricardo
 Wheatley

North
 South
 University
 Vice
 Chancellor
 Dr.
 Amin
 Sarkar

The
 Green
 Party
 of
 the
 United
 States

All
 Independent
 Thinkers

  i
Dedication

El
 No
 Murio,
 El
 Se
 Multiplico!

(“He
 Has
 Not
 Died;
 He
 Has
 Multiplied!”)

Mourners

 at
 funeral
 of
 Hugo
 Chávez

(Photograph
 courtesy
 of
 AFP
 Photo/Leo
 Ramirez)

Graffiti
 in
 Caracas,
 meaning,
 “I
 am
 Chávez”

(Photograph
 by
 author,
 2013)

  ii
Abstract

“Chávez,
 Chávez,
 Chávez:
 Chávez
 no
 murio,
 se
 multiplico!”
 was
 the
 chant
 outside
 the
 National

Assembly
 building
 after
 several
 days
 of
 mourning
 the
 death
 of
 the
 first
 President
 of
 the

Bolivarian
 Republic
 of
 Venezuela.
 This
 study
 investigates
 the
 leadership
 of
 Hugo
 Chávez
 and

his
 legacy
 on
 race
 as
 seen
 through
 the
 eyes
 and
 experiences
 of
 selected
 interviewees
 and
 his

legacy
 on
 race.
 The
 interviewees
 were
 selected
 based
 on
 familiarity
 with
 the
 person
 and

policies
 of
 the
 leadership
 of
 Hugo
 Chávez
 and
 his
 legacy
 on
 race.
 Unfortunately,
 not
 much
 has

been
 written
 about
 this
 aspect
 of
 Hugo
 Chávez,
 despite
 the
 myriad
 attempts
 to
 explain
 his

popularity
 with
 the
 Venezuelan
 people
 up
 to
 the
 time
 of
 his
 death.
 It
 is
 expected
 that,
 as
 a

result
 of
 this
 research,
 a
 clearer
 picture
 of
 Hugo
 Chávez
 will
 emerge.
 The
 resulting
 profile
 of

Hugo
 Chávez
 focuses
 on
 him
 as
 a
 person
 of
 power
 as
 well
 as
 of
 color—of
 African
 and

Indigenous
 descent—who
 was
 able
 to
 free
 himself
 from
 a
 colonial
 mindset
 (and
 its

oftentimes
 accompanying
 internalized
 racism)
 and
 thereby
 gain
 the
 attention
 of
 oppressed

peoples
 across
 the
 planet
 who
 sided
 with
 him
 as
 he
 used
 his
 power
 to
 challenge

neoliberalism,
 the
 U.S.
 government,
 and
 those
 who
 wield
 power
 on
 neoliberalism’s
 behalf

inside
 Venezuela.
 This
 research
 serves
 as
 important
 infrastructure
 for
 understanding
 Hugo’s

race-­‐conscious
 leadership
 in
 resistance
 to
 internalized
 racism
 and
 European
 domination.

This
 dissertation
 is
 accompanied
 by
 an
 MP4
 author
 introduction
 video,
 a
 PDF
 Dissertation

Supplement,
 and
 four
 participant
 supplemental
 files:
 two
 MP3
 audio
 files
 and
 two
 MP4

videos.
 This
 dissertation
 is
 available
 in
 Open
 Access
 AURA:
 Antioch
 University
 Repository

and
 Archive,
 http://aura.antioch.edu/
 and
 OhioLink
 ETD
 Center,
 www.ohiolink.edu/etd

 iii
Table of Contents
Acknowledgments
 .......................................................................................................................................................
 i

Dedication
 .....................................................................................................................................................................
 ii

Abstract
 ........................................................................................................................................................................
 iii

Table
 of
 Contents
 ......................................................................................................................................................
 iv

List
 of
 Figures
 .............................................................................................................................................................
 vi

List
 of
 Supplemental
 Files
 ....................................................................................................................................
 vii

Preface
 ............................................................................................................................................................................
 1

Introduction
 .................................................................................................................................................................
 7

Literature
 Review:
 The
 Social,
 Economic,
 and
 Political
 Context
 of
 Hugo

Chávez’s
 Leadership
 ...............................................................................................................................................
 20

A
 Note
 on
 the
 Philosophy
 of
 This
 Literature
 Review
 ...............................................................................
 23

Social,
 Economic,
 and
 Political
 Context
 of
 Hugo
 Chávez:
 1958–1998
 ..............................................
 29

Hugo
 Chávez
 and
 the
 Epic
 Struggle
 against
 Neoliberalism
 ...................................................................
 47

The
 Role
 of
 Race
 in
 Latin
 American
 and
 Venezuela
 .................................................................................
 52

Colonialism
 .................................................................................................................................................................
 54

Race
 ...............................................................................................................................................................................
 61

Liberation
 of
 the
 Oppressed
 and
 Its
 Influence
 on
 Chávez
 .....................................................................
 76

Battling
 the
 United
 States:
 When
 Transformational
 Leadership
 Becomes

Leadership
 on
 the
 Line
 .........................................................................................................................................
 96

 iv
Research
 Problem,
 Purpose,
 Question,
 and
 Design
 ...............................................................................
 106

Research
 Problem
 and
 Question
 ...................................................................................................................
 106

Critical
 Methodology:
 Problematics
 and
 Pitfalls
 .....................................................................................
 106

Oral
 History
 Tools
 ................................................................................................................................................
 113

Ethics:
 Going
 Beyond
 the
 Institutional
 Review
 Board
 .........................................................................
 115

Research
 Design
 ....................................................................................................................................................
 118

Researcher
 Positionality
 ...................................................................................................................................
 121

Information
 Sources—Participants
 and
 Documents
 ............................................................................
 124

Participants
 and
 Interviews
 ............................................................................................................................
 124

Documents
 on
 U.S.
 Actions
 against
 the
 Bolivarian
 Revolution
 in
 Venezuela
 .............................
 127

Other
 Documents
 on
 Chávez
 and
 the
 Opposition
 He
 Faced
 ..............................................................
 128

Hugo
 Chávez’s
 Leadership:
 Transformational,
 Parrhesia,
 Political,
 and

African-­‐Centered
 Leadership
 ..........................................................................................................................
 130

Hugo
 Chávez
 As
 a
 Transformational
 Leader
 ............................................................................................
 130

Hugo
 Chávez
 As
 Nation
 Builder
 .....................................................................................................................
 157

Hugo
 Chávez
 As
 a
 Feminist
 ..............................................................................................................................
 159

Repression
 and
 Charges
 of
 Corruption
 under
 Hugo
 Chávez
 .............................................................
 161

Hugo
 Chávez,
 the
 Pan-­‐Africanist
 ....................................................................................................................
 163

Conclusion
 on
 Hugo
 Chávez’s
 Leadership
 .................................................................................................
 186

Hugo
 Chávez—Afro-­‐Descendiente
 and
 Proud!
 .......................................................................................
 188

  v
Hugo
 Chávez’s
 Identity
 Reflected
 in
 His
 Leadership
 ............................................................................
 189

The
 Role
 of
 Race
 in
 Latin
 America
 and
 Venezuela
 .................................................................................
 195

Hugo
 Chávez:
 The
 Liberator
 ............................................................................................................................
 205

Chávez’s
 Letter
 to
 Africa—Conscious
 Leadership
 and
 Legacy
 on
 Race
 .......................................
 219

Discussion,
 Conclusions,
 and
 Implications
 of
 This
 Research
 on
 Practice
 ....................................
 223

Discussion
 ................................................................................................................................................................
 223

Conclusions
 .............................................................................................................................................................
 224

Implications
 for
 Future
 Research
 ..................................................................................................................
 228

Implications
 for
 Future
 Practice
 ....................................................................................................................
 233

Implications
 for
 My
 Practice
 ............................................................................................................................
 235

My
 Thoughts
 on
 This
 Research
 ......................................................................................................................
 235

Appendix
 ..................................................................................................................................................................
 237

Appendix
 A:
 Review
 of
 Literature
 Search
 Strategy
 ...............................................................................
 238

Appendix
 B:
 Participant
 Information
 ..........................................................................................................
 240

Appendix
 C:
 Interview
 Excerpt

 Venezuelan
 Woman
 #2

 ...................................................................
 242

Appendix
 D:
 The
 Idea
 of
 the
 Deep
 State
 and
 the
 Killing
 of
 Lumumba
 ..........................................
 245

Appendix
 E:
 Legacy
 of
 Covert
 Action
 Faced
 by
 Chávez
 .......................................................................
 248

Appendix
 F:
 Permissions
 and
 Exemptions
 (for
 Main
 Body
 of
 Dissertation)
 ..............................
 252

Bibliography
 ...........................................................................................................................................................
 257

 vi