EL CASO DEL TERREMOTO EN ARMENIA-QUINDIO

353 Pages·2013·1.43 MB·Spanish

UNIVERSIDAD COMPLUTENSE DE MADRID
FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS DE LA INFORMACIÓN
Departamento de Sociología IV

COMUNICACIÓN EN TIEMPOS DE DESASTRE : EL CASO
DEL TERREMOTO EN ARMENIA-QUINDIO

MEMORIA PARA OPTAR AL GRADO DE DOCTOR
PRESENTADA POR
Wilson Horacio Granados Moreno

Bajo la dirección del doctor

Francisco Bernete García

MADRID, 2013

© Wilson Horacio Granados Moreno, 2013
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UNIVERSIDAD COMPLUTENSE DE MADRID
FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS DE LA INFORMACIÓN
DEPARTAMENTO DE SOCIOLOGÍA IV
PROGRAMA DE DOCTORADO 276
“COMUNICACIÓN, CAMBIO SOCIAL Y DESARROLLO”

TESIS DOCTORAL

“COMUNICACIÓN EN TIEMPOS DE DESASTRE:
El caso del terremoto en Armenia-Quindío”

DOCTORANDO: WILSON HORACIO GRANADOS MORENO
DIRECTOR: PROF. DR. FRANCISCO BERNETE GARCÍA

MADRID, 2012
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AGRADECIMIENTOS

Agradezco inmensamente al director de mi tesis doctoral, el Dr. Francisco Bernete. Sus
orientaciones, sugerencias, aliento permanente y rigor profesional fueron fundamentales
para dar cuenta de esta investigación. También muchas gracias al Dr. Miguel Ángel
Sobrino Blanco, director del doctorado en Comunicación, Cambio Social y Desarrollo
de la Facultad de Ciencias de la Información de la Universidad Complutense de Madrid.
Sus aportes en el plano académico y humano alimentaron mi crecimiento intelectual
durante el periodo estudiantil del mencionado doctorado.

Agradecimientos, asimismo, a todos los doctores docentes que orientaron los diferentes
cursos del doctorado en consideración.

Igualmente un reconocimiento especial para la Universidad del Quindío, de la ciudad de
Armenia de la República de Colombia, por haberme concedido la Comisión de Estudio
para la realización del doctorado aludido en la Universidad Complutense de Madrid.

Mi reconocimiento también para la biblioteca del Banco de la República (seccional
Armenia) que posibilitó la consulta de diversos periódicos relacionados con el objeto de
estudio.

Por último, mis gracias para mi hermana Nubia y Olga Lucía Ramírez, por la fuerza
espiritual que me inculcaron para la terminación de esta tesis.
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ÍNDICE

Página
Summary 6
Presentación 16

Capítulo 1. Objeto de estudio, objetivos, delimitación del universo,
marco teórico y recursos metodológico 23
Planteamiento del capítulo 24
1.1. Objeto de estudio 25
1.2. Objetivo general 26
1.3. Objetivos específicos 26
1.4. Delimitación del universo de estudio 27
1.5. Marco teórico 28
1.5.1. La Teoría Social de la Comunicación 29
1.5.2. El análisis del discurso y el análisis crítico del discurso 31
1.6. Recursos metodológicos usados en esta investigación 38
1.6.1. Análisis documental de los periódicos 39
1.6.2. Entrevistas semiestructuradas 40

Capítulo 2. Las informaciones en los medios y los estudios sobre el
desastre 42
Planteamiento del capítulo 43
2.1. El desastre en Armenia-Quindío 45
2.1.1. Fallas geológicas y predicciones del riesgo 45
2.1.2. Municipios, barrios, edificios y viviendas afectados 46
2.1.3. Albergues 48
2.1.4. Especulación 49
2.1.5. Saqueos y vandalismo 50
2.1.6. Ayuda nacional e internacional 52
2.1.7. Fondo para la reconstrucción y desarrollo social del eje cafetero 54
2.1.8. Movilización social 56
2.1.9. Religiosidad e imaginería popular 59
2.1.10. Los graffitis 61
2.2. El tratamiento en los medios de comunicación y su estudio 63
2.2.1. Terremoto y medios de comunicación en Armenia 63
2.2.2. Escritos sobre el desastre en Armenia-Quindío 67
2.2.3. Escritos sobre la prensa y su tratamiento del desastre 76
2.2.4. Investigaciones doctorales sobre catástrofes e información en
situaciones de crisis 79
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Capitulo 3. Tres enfoques periodísticos ante un mismo desastre natural 82
Planteamiento del capítulo 83
3.1. Tipos de periodismo 86
3.2. Síntesis de las características propias de los enfoques sensacionalista,
participativo y cívico. 89
3.2.1. Características del periodismo amarillista o sensacionalista. 89
3.2.2. Características del periodismo alternativo o participativo. 91
3.2.3. Características del periodismo público o cívico. 92
3.3. Evolución de los tres enfoques periodísticos. 93
3.3.1. Evolución del periodismo sensacionalista en USA, América Latina
y Europa 93
3.3.2. Evolución del periodismo participativo en USA, América Latina y
Europa. 97
3.3.3. Evolución del periodismo cívico en USA, América Latina y
Europa. 104
3.4. Los tratamientos el periodismo sensacionalista, participativo y cívico
implementados en el desastre de Armenia. 110

Capitulo 4. Periodismo amarillista o sensacionalista 118
Planteamiento del capítulo 119
4.1. Periodismo sensacionalista: elementos teóricos 121
4.1.1. Periodismo sensacionalista: definición, antecedentes y orígenes 121
4.1.2. Periodismo sensacionalista en la guerra EE.UU.- Cuba 123
4.1.3. Periodismo sensacionalista: características 125
4.1.4. El lenguaje 130
4.2. Sensacionalismo en la catástrofe de Armenia-Quindío 134
4.2.1. Titulares. 137
4.2.2. Temas. 141
4.2.3. Lenguaje. 144
4.2.4. Figuras retóricas. 145
4.2.5. Forma discursiva y opinión. 151
4.2.6. Fuentes de información. 173
4.2.7. Actores de la noticia y de otras formas discursivas. 176
4.2.8. Los contextos. 178

Capítulo 5. Periodismo alternativo o participativo. 184
Planteamiento del capítulo 185
5.1. Periodismo alternativo o participativo: elementos teóricos 187
5.1.1. Periodismo alternativo o participativo: definición, antecedentes y
orígenes. 187
5.1.2. Características 192
5.1.3. El lenguaje. 198
5.2. Periodismo alternativo o participativo en la catástrofe de Armenia-
Quindío. 199
5.2.1. Titulares. 201
5.2.2. Temas. 203
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5.2.3. Lenguaje. 206
5.2.4. Figuras retóricas. 207
5.2.5 Forma discursiva y opinión. 209
5.2.6. Fuentes de información. 235
5.2.7. Actores de la noticia y de otras formas discursivas. 237
5.2.8. Los contextos. 238

Capitulo 6. Periodismo público o cívico. 244
Planteamiento del capítulo 245
6.1. Periodismo público o cívico: elementos teóricos. 247
6.1.1. Periodismo público o cívico: definición, antecedentes y orígenes. 247
6.1.2. Características. 250
6.1.3. Experiencias de periodismo público o cívico en Colombia. 265
6.2. Periodismo público o cívico en la ciudad de Armenia-Quindío. 268
6.2.1. Titulares. 269
6.2.2. Temas. 271
6.2.3. Lenguaje. 274
6.2.4. Figuras retóricas. 276
6.2.5. Forma discursiva y opinión. 278
6.2.6. Fuentes de información. 294
6.2.7. Actores de la noticia y de otras formas discursivas. 296
6.2.8. Los contextos. 299

Capítulo 7. Conclusiones 304

Bibliografía 310

Anexo: entrevistas a periodistas que ejercían durante el terremoto 324
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Summary

COMMUNICATION IN TIMES OF DISASTER:
The case of the earthquake in Armenia, Quindio

WILSON HORACIO GRANADOS MORENO
Under the direction of:
DR. FRANCISCO BERNETE GARCÍA

PRESENTATION

On January 25, 1999 at 1:19 pm, there was an earthquake of 6.2 degrees on the Richter
scale that hit the Coffee Area (made up by the departments of Quindío, Risaralda and
Caldas) and the departments of Valle del Cauca and Tolima of the Republic of
Colombia. Specifically, 28 municipalities of these departments were affected.

The media, particularly the written press, played a major role within the chaotic
situation generated by the quake. This situation led me to propose and carry out this
doctoral thesis, which discusses COMMUNICATION IN TIMES OF DISASTER: THE
CASE OF THE EARTHQUAKE IN ARMENIA-QUINDÍO.

Therefore, this dissertation is framed in the context of research on the role of public
communication, in this case, the daily newspaper, in times when a natural disaster
occurs. Hence the fundamental question that guides the research is: how did newspapers
report in these circumstances?

Why is it important to do this research even though much time has elapsed since the
disaster? For the press, to account for disasters and their impact on the population is a
challenge in the practice of journalism. Likewise, to better understand the behavior of
the press in crisis is a challenge for the social scientist. To research and analyze
journalistic references to this disaster makes it possible to infer negative and positive
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aspects of what the press coverage was like in a particular city during a disaster, and
allows us to criticize certain journalistic practices implemented in such situations. In
doing so, we help to enrich our understanding of the important role of the press at the
regional level and, in general, in the Colombian society in the late twentieth and early
twenty-first centuries.

As it was stated and shown in the second chapter of this research, there are many
publications about the catastrophe of January 25, 1999. But in regards to the media and
its coverage of the calamity, very little has been written. And more specifically, with
respect to the study of the press discourse, referring to the disaster of Armenia-Quindío,
we can say that very little has been researched. In this thesis, we present the journalistic
practices that took place after the earthquake, framing them in three categories typical of
the journalism of that time which remain valid: gutter or sensationalist, alternative or
participatory and public or civic.

This research was done using the theoretical perspectives of "Discourse Analysis" and
"Critical Discourse Analysis", because we understand that these approaches contribute
to the understanding of journalistic discourse in situations of crisis; discourse that has a
dialectical relationship with society and culture, and which expresses opinions in the
headlines, in the narratives, journalistic genres, presentation graphics, etc.

This dissertation is structured in seven chapters, whose contents are presented as follow:

The first chapter discusses the aspects concerning the object under study, the
objectives, field of study, definition, theoretical and methodological resources used in
this research.

As already mentioned, the journalistic references to the disaster cited are our object of
study, as long as the guidelines characterized were produced under characteristics such
as gutter, alternatives and civic. The field of study is spatially delimited to the city of
Armenia, the most affected by the disaster in all the Coffee area.

Regarding the time span of the study, to detect practices of gutter or sensationalist press,
a review of two Quindío’s newspapers, “La Crónica” and “La Tarde” was made, from
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the period of 27 January to 25 February 1999. Similarly, we reviewed “El Espectador”
of Bogotá, between 26 January and 8 February of the same year. To determine
alternative or participatory journalism practices, newspapers such as "Alma Mater",
"Solidarte", "El Ejemplar ", etc., were consulted, between 1999 and 2001. To identify
the practices of public or civic journalism, a documentary observation of the
newspapers "“La Crónica” and “La Tarde”, both from Quindio, was made. Both were
published between 1st September and 26th November 1999, a period of time when
reference journalism was implemented in Armenia.

In this section, the theoretical framework of the research is also presented, and in
particular, the "Discourse Analysis" and "Critical Discourse Analysis", in here we rely
primarily on the Dutch scientist Teun A. van Dijk.

According to the methodological resources, we have made a documentary observation
(direct, structured consult of documents,) of the following newspapers which constitute
themselves in the corpus of this research: “La Crónica” of Quindío, “La Tarde” of
Quindío, “El Espectador” of Bogotá, “Alma Mater”, “Solidarte”, “El Ejemplar”,
“Vamos a Andar”, “Construyendo Sueños”, “Zona Uno”, “Universidad Nacional de
Colombia”, “Correo Comunitario”, “Acontecimientos”, “Siempre Adelante”,
“Expresiones”, “Hechos”, “Construyamos”, “Informativo La Misión” and
“Compartir en Comunidad”.

The semi-structured interview was also applied to six journalists from the region who
implemented in their media, expressions of gutter, civic or alternative journalism.
Finally, it should be noted that this chapter was drawn from the consultation of books,
magazines, and reference material that is part of the cybergraphy on "Discourse
Analysis", the three forms of journalism under consideration, and in terms of the
research methodology.

Chapter two discusses the disaster in Armenia-Quindío. Several aspects that enable a
global view of the incident are presented. Specifically, this dissertation refers to the
geological faults that cross the department of Quindío and its capital city, Armenia. It
also refers to risk predictions that were made few months before the quake. We also
refer to municipalities, neighborhoods, buildings and homes that were affected. The
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types of shelters that were built (induced, spontaneous, on-site) are also noted in this
section. It also makes references about the speculative increases in food prices, rent and
urban land. As well as discussing with regard to looting, vandalism and organization of
the community as "civic guards".

Moreover, it refers to the national and international aid, which was very significant at
that time. To lead and carry out the reconstruction process, the country's president at the
time, Andrés Pastrana Arango, created a foundation called FOREC (Fund for the
Reconstruction and Social Development of the Coffee Region). In this part, we focus on
this government entity because it was central to the process of reconstruction of
Armenia and, in general, of the Coffee Region.

This chapter states that there was social mobilization in the reconstruction process.
Reference to the religious and popular imagery is made, the graffiti expressing the
tragedy, but also the hopes and dreams of the victims are mentioned. Similarly, the
treatment given by the media with respect to the tragedy is addressed in this part of the
doctoral thesis, as well as the writings on it and when it comes to global disasters.

In general, the content of this second chapter is the disaster in Armenia, Quindío. It is
precisely the context in which the expressions of the newspapers studied took place. It is
worth adding that this section was drawn from books about the calamity in Armenia-
Quindío and two doctoral theses concerning disasters and situations of crisis.

Chapter three refers to the types of journalism found globally and, in particular, the
three approaches to journalism (gutter, alternative and civic) expressed in the
catastrophe of Armenia-Quindío. Likewise, the evolution of journalistic forms, the
behavior of these natural disasters and their characteristics are analyzed. This chapter
was written based on books, magazines and cybergraphy about gutter, public and
alternative journalism.

Chapter four refers to gutter journalism that was used in the disaster of Armenia. At
first, the theoretical elements of this type of journalism are mentioned: its definition, its
background, its origins, the role of gutter press in the war U.S. -Cuba, its characteristics
and language. These elements constitute the theoretical framework within which