Eisenhower's State of the Union Addresses What a real president sounds like

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State of the Union Addresses by United
States Presidents
State of the Union Addresses
by
Dwight D. Eisenhower
February 2, 1953; January 7, 1954; January 6, 1955;
January 5, 1956; January 10, 1957; January 9, 1958
January 9, 1959; January 7, 1960; and January 12, 1961
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State of the Union Addresses of Dwight D. Eisenhower: February 2, 1953; January 7, 1954; January 6, 1955; January
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State of the Union Addresses of Dwight D. Eisenhower: February 2, 1953; January 7, 1954; January 6, 1955; January
5, 1956; January 10, 1957; January 9, 1958; January 9, 1959; January 7, 1960; and January 12, 1961, The Elec-
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State of the Union Addresses of Dwight D. Eisenhower
State of the Union Address tiative in our economy, so that its productivity may fortify
freedom everywhere; and
Dwight D. Eisenhower
Dedication to the well-being of all our citizens and to the
February 2, 1953 attainment of equality of opportunity for all, so that our
Nation will ever act with the strength of unity in every task
MR. PRESIDENT, MR. SPEAKER, MEMBERS OF THE EIGHTY-THIRD to which it is called.
CONGRESS: The purpose of this message is to suggest certain lines along
I welcome the honor of appearing before you to deliver which our joint efforts may immediately be directed toward
my first message to the Congress. realization of these four ruling purposes.
It is manifestly the joint purpose of the congressional lead- The time that this administration has been in office has
ership and of this administration to justify the summons to been too brief to permit preparation of a detailed and com-
governmental responsibility issued last November by the prehensive program of recommended action to cover all
American people. The grand labors of this leadership will phases of the responsibilities that devolve upon our country’s
involve: new leaders. Such a program will be filled out in the weeks
Application of America’s influence in world affairs with ahead as, after appropriate study, I shall submit additional
such fortitude and such foresight that it will deter aggression recommendations for your consideration. Today can provide
and eventually secure peace; only a sure and substantial beginning.
Establishment of a national administration of such integ-
rity and such efficiency that its honor at home will ensure
respect abroad;
Encouragement of those incentives that inspire creative ini-
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State of the Union Addresses of Dwight D. Eisenhower
IIIIIIIIII..... (2) The policy we embrace must be a coherent global policy.
The freedom we cherish and defend in Europe and in the
Our country has come through a painful period of trial and Americas is no different from the freedom that is imperiled
disillusionment since the victory of 1945. We anticipated a in Asia.
world of peace and cooperation. The calculated pressures of
aggressive communism have forced us, instead, to live in a (3) Our policy, dedicated to making the free world secure,
world of turmoil. will envision all peaceful methods and devices—except break-
From this costly experience we have learned one clear les- ing faith with our friends. We shall never acquiesce in the
son. We have learned that the free world cannot indefinitely enslavement of any people in order to purchase fancied gain
remain in a posture of paralyzed tension, leaving forever to for ourselves. I shall ask the Congress at a later date to join in
the aggressor the choice of time and place and means to cause an appropriate resolution making clear that this Government
greatest hurt to us at least cost to himself. recognizes no kind of commitment contained in secret un-
This administration has, therefore, begun the definition derstandings of the past with foreign governments which
of a new, positive foreign policy. This policy will be gov- permit this kind of enslavement.
erned by certain fixed ideas. They are these:
(4) The policy we pursue will recognize the truth that no single
(1) Our foreign policy must be clear, consistent, and confi- country, even one so powerful as ours, can alone defend the
dent. This means that it must be the product of genuine, liberty of all nations threatened by Communist aggression from
continuous cooperation between the executive and the legis- without or subversion within. Mutual security means effec-
lative branches of this Government. It must be developed tive mutual cooperation. For the United States, this means
and directed in the spirit of true bipartisanship. that, as a matter of common sense and national interest, we
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State of the Union Addresses of Dwight D. Eisenhower
shall give help to other nations in the measure that they strive facts. All the devoted work that has gone into the Schuman
earnestly to do their full share of the common task. No wealth plan, the European Army, and the Strasbourg Conference
of aid could compensate for poverty of spirit. The heart of has testified to their vision and determination. These achieve-
every free nation must be honestly dedicated to the preserving ments are the more remarkable when we realize that each of
of its own independence and security. them has marked a victory—for France and for Germany
alike over the divisions that in the past have brought such
(5) Our policy will be designed to foster the advent of prac- tragedy to these two great nations and to the world.
tical unity in Western Europe. The nations of that region The needed unity of Western Europe manifestly cannot
have contributed notably to the effort of sustaining the se- be manufactured from without; it can only be created from
curity of the free world. From the jungles of Indochina and within. But it is right and necessary that we encourage
Malaya to the northern shores of Europe, they have vastly Europe’s leaders by informing them of the high value we
improved their defensive strength. Where called upon to do place upon the earnestness of their efforts toward this goal.
so, they have made costly and bitter sacrifices to hold the Real progress will be conclusive evidence to the American
line of freedom. people that our material sacrifices in the cause of collective
But the problem of security demands closer cooperation security are matched by essential political, economic, and
among the nations of Europe than has been known to date. military accomplishments in Western Europe.
Only a more closely integrated economic and political sys-
tem can provide the greatly increased economic strength (6) Our foreign policy will recognize the importance of prof-
needed to maintain both necessary military readiness and itable and equitable world trade.
respectable living standards. A substantial beginning can and should be made by our
Europe’s enlightened leaders have long been aware of these friends themselves. Europe, for example, is now marked by
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State of the Union Addresses of Dwight D. Eisenhower
checkered areas of labor surplus and labor shortage, of agri- the encouragement of a hospitable climate for such invest-
cultural areas needing machines and industrial areas need- ment in foreign nations.
ing food. Here and elsewhere we can hope that our friends Third: Availing ourselves of facilities overseas for the eco-
will take the initiative in creating broader markets and more nomical production of manufactured articles which are
dependable currencies, to allow greater exchange of goods needed for mutual defense and which are not seriously com-
and services among themselves. petitive with our own normal peacetime production.
Action along these lines can create an economic environ- Fourth: Receiving from the rest of the world, in equitable
ment that will invite vital help from us. exchange for what we supply, greater amounts of important
This help includes: raw materials which we do not ourselves possess in adequate
First: Revising our customs regulations to remove proce- quantities.
dural obstacles to profitable trade. I further recommend that
the Congress take the Reciprocal Trade Agreements Act un- IIIIIIIIIIIIIII.....
der immediate study and extend it by appropriate legisla-
tion. This objective must not ignore legitimate safeguarding In this general discussion of our foreign policy, I must make
of domestic industries, agriculture, and labor standards. In special mention of the war in Korea.
all executive study and recommendations on this problem This war is, for Americans, the most painful phase of Com-
labor and management and farmers alike will be earnestly munist aggression throughout the world. It is clearly a part
consulted. of the same calculated assault that the aggressor is simulta-
Second: Doing whatever Government properly can to en- neously pressing in Indochina and in Malaya, and of the
courage the flow of private American investment abroad. This strategic situation that manifestly embraces the island of
involves, as a serious and explicit purpose of our foreign policy, Formosa and the Chinese Nationalist forces there. The work-
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State of the Union Addresses of Dwight D. Eisenhower
ing out of any military solution to the Korean war will inevi- jecting the armistice proposal sponsored in the United Na-
tably affect all these areas. tions by the Government of India. This proposal had been
The administration is giving immediate increased atten- accepted by the United States and 53 other nations.
tion to the development of additional Republic of Korea Consequently there is no longer any logic or sense in a
forces. The citizens of that country have proved their capac- condition that required the United States Navy to assume
ity as fighting men and their eagerness to take a greater share defensive responsibilities on behalf of the Chinese Commu-
in the defense of their homeland. Organization, equipment, nists, thus permitting those Communists, with greater im-
and training will allow them to do so. Increased assistance to punity, to kill our soldiers and those of our United Nations
Korea for this purpose conforms fully to our global policies. allies in Korea.
In June 1950, following the aggressive attack on the Re- I am, therefore, issuing instructions that the Seventh Fleet
public of Korea, the United States Seventh Fleet was in- no longer be employed to shield Communist China. This
structed both to prevent attack upon Formosa and also to order implies no aggressive intent on our part. But we cer-
insure that Formosa should not be used as a base of opera- tainly have no obligation to protect a nation fighting us in
tions against the Chinese Communist mainland. Korea.
This has meant, in effect, that the United States Navy was
required to serve as a defensive arm of Communist China. IV.
Regardless of the situation in 1950, since the date of that
order the Chinese Communists have invaded Korea to at- Our labor for peace in Korea and in the world imperatively
tack the United Nations forces there. They have consistently demands the maintenance by the United States of a strong
rejected the proposals of the United Nations Command for fighting service ready for any contingency.
an armistice. They recently joined with Soviet Russia in re- Our problem is to achieve adequate military strength within
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State of the Union Addresses of Dwight D. Eisenhower
the limits of endurable strain upon our economy. To amass Secretary of Defense must take the initiative and assume the
military power without regard to our economic capacity responsibility for developing plans to give our Nation maxi-
would be to defend ourselves against one kind of disaster by mum safety at minimum cost. Accordingly, the new Secretary
inviting another. of Defense and his civilian and military associates will, in the
Both military and economic objectives demand a single na- future, recommend such changes in present laws affecting our
tional military policy, proper coordination of our armed ser- defense activities as may be necessary to clarify responsibilities
vices, and effective consolidation of certain logistics activities. and improve the total effectiveness of our defense effort.
We must eliminate waste and duplication of effort in the This effort must always conform to policies laid down in
armed services. the National Security Council.
We must realize clearly that size alone is not sufficient. The statutory function of the National Security Council is
The biggest force is not necessarily the best—and we want to assist the President in the formulation and coordination
the best. of significant domestic, foreign, and military policies required
We must not let traditions or habits of the past stand in for the security of the Nation. In these days of tension it is
the way of developing an efficient military force. All mem- essential that this central body have the vitality to perform
bers of our forces must be ever mindful that they serve under effectively its statutory role. I propose to see that it does so.
a single flag and for a single cause. Careful formulation of policies must be followed by clear
We must effectively integrate our armament programs and understanding of them by all peoples. A related need, there-
plan them in such careful relation to our industrial facilities that fore, is to make more effective all activities of the Govern-
we assure the best use of our manpower and our materials. ment related to international information.
Because of the complex technical nature of our military or- I have recently appointed a committee of representative
ganization and because of the security reasons involved, the and informed citizens to survey this subject and to make
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State of the Union Addresses of Dwight D. Eisenhower
recommendations in the near future for legislative, adminis- VVVVV.....
trative, or other action.
A unified and dynamic effort in this whole field is essen- I have referred to the inescapable need for economic health
tial to the security of the United States and of the other and strength if we are to maintain adequate military power
peoples in the community of free nations. There is but one and exert influential leadership for peace in the world.
sure way to avoid total war—and that is to win the cold war. Our immediate task is to chart a fiscal and economic policy
While retaliatory power is one strong deterrent to a would-be that can:
aggressor, another powerful deterrent is defensive power. No
enemy is likely to attempt an attack foredoomed to failure. (1) Reduce the planned deficits and then balance the bud-
Because the building of a completely impenetrable defense get, which means, among other things, reducing Federal ex-
against attack is still not possible, total defensive strength penditures to the safe minimum;
must include civil defense preparedness. Because we have
incontrovertible evidence that Soviet Russia possesses atomic (2) Meet the huge costs of our defense;
weapons, this kind of protection becomes sheer necessity.
Civil defense responsibilities primarily belong to the State (3) Properly handle the burden of our inheritance of debt
and local governments—recruiting, training, and organizing and obligations;
volunteers to meet any emergency. The immediate job of the
Federal Government is to provide leadership, to supply tech- (4) Check the menace of inflation;
nical guidance, and to continue to strengthen its civil defense
stockpile of medical, engineering, and related supplies and (5) Work toward the earliest possible reduction of the tax
equipment. This work must go forward without lag. burden;
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State of the Union Addresses of Dwight D. Eisenhower
(6) Make constructive plans to encourage the initiative of years. These bills, added to the current costs of government
our citizens. we must meet, make a formidable burden.
The present authorized Government-debt limit is 275 bil-
It is important that all of us understand that this adminis- lion dollars. The forecast presented by the outgoing admin-
tration does not and cannot begin its task with a clean slate. istration with the fiscal year 1954 budget indicates that—
Much already has been written on the record, beyond our before the end of the fiscal year and at the peak of demand
power quickly to erase or to amend. This record includes for payments during the year—the total Government debt
our inherited burden of indebtedness and obligations and may approach and even exceed that limit. Unless budgeted
deficits. deficits are checked, the momentum of past programs will
The current year’s budget, as you know, carries a 5.9 bil- force an increase of the statutory debt limit.
lion dollar deficit; and the budget, which was presented to Permit me this one understatement: to meet and to cor-
you before this administration took office, indicates a bud- rect this situation will not be easy.
getary deficit of 9.9 billion for the fiscal year ending June Permit me this one assurance: every department head and
30, 1954. The national debt is now more than 265 billion I are determined to do everything we can to resolve it.
dollars. In addition, the accumulated obligational authority The first order of business is the elimination of the annual
of the Federal Government for future payment totals over deficit. This cannot be achieved merely by exhortation. It
80 billion dollars. Even this amount is exclusive of large con- demands the concerted action of all those in responsible
tingent liabilities, so numerous and extensive as to be almost positions in the Government and the earnest cooperation of
beyond description. the Congress.
The bills for the payment of nearly all of the 80 billion Already, we have begun an examination of the appropria-
dollars of obligations will be presented during the next 4 tions and expenditures of all departments in an effort to find
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