Eisenhower and American Public Opinion on China PDF
Preview Eisenhower and American Public Opinion on China
MAR A OLIVA Eisenhower and American Public Opinion on China Eisenhower and American Public Opinion on China Mara Oliva Eisenhower and American Public Opinion on China Mara Oliva Department of History University of Reading Reading, UK ISBN 978-3-319-76194-7 ISBN 978-3-319-76195-4 (eBook) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-76195-4 Library of Congress Control Number: 2018935697 © The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s) 2018 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are solely and exclusively licensed by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. The publisher remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. Cover credit: Everett Collection Historical / Alamy Stock Photo Printed on acid-free paper This Palgrave Macmillan imprint is published by the registered company Springer International Publishing AG part of Springer Nature. The registered company address is: Gewerbestrasse 11, 6330 Cham, Switzerland To Jordi, my Love, my Life, my Everything A cknowledgments The best thing about completing a book is the opportunity to express my gratitude to the many people who made it possible; to all those who pro- vided support, talked things over, read, offered comments, assisted in the editing, proofreading, and design. This monograph is the result of my Doctor of Philosophy work, there- fore, my first thank you goes to Professor Iwan Morgan. He has been an excellent supervisor, whose careful review and incisive comments sharp- ened my thinking on every facet of this project. I have greatly benefited from the ideas, suggestions, and support of many at the University of London. I would like to particularly thank Professor Steven Casey, whose advice was crucial during the early stages of this project and Professor Mark J. White, who has been a generous mentor in supporting the devel- opment of my academic career. The American Politics Group family, and particularly Professor Philip Davies, has been so much more than just a learned society. Friends and colleagues have given me precious advice on how to transition from a PhD student to an early career researcher and navigate the world of modern academia. I am forever grateful for their time and support. Since 2008, I have had the privilege of teaching at many brilliant higher education institutions: Queen Mary, University of London, University of Portsmouth, Canterbury Christ Church University, and University of Reading. The friendly atmosphere at these universities has made the task of completing my book a more enjoyable experience. I would like to thank all my undergraduate and postgraduate students whose enthusiasm for the subject helped to sustain my own interest over the years. vii viii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS During the course of my research, I have visited many libraries and archives. All the librarians have been extremely helpful, but I would par- ticularly like to thank the staff at the Eisenhower Library in Kansas and at the Tamiment Library at New York University. My research in the United States was made possible thanks to the finan- cial support of the British Association of American Studies, the University of London Central Research Fund, the Institute for the Study of the America, School of Advanced Study, the Royal Historical Society, the UK Fulbright Commission, the Scouloudi Historical Awards, Institute of Historical Research, and the University of Reading. Finally, a special thank you to everyone at Palgrave, especially Christine Pardue, for their work and assistance. There would be no book without the immeasurable support of my family and friends. Their unconditional love is my strength! c ontents 1 I ntroduction 1 2 America’s Distorted Image of China 15 3 Keeping Promises 49 4 Challenge One: Dien Bien Phu and the Geneva Conference of 1954 85 5 Challenge Two: The First Taiwan Crisis of 1954–1955 117 6 A Missed Opportunity 155 7 Hard Line Until the End 183 8 Conclusions 213 Index 219 ix l A ist of bbreviAtions ACPA American China Policy Association ADA Americans for Democratic Action AP Associated Press BBDO Batten, Barton, Durstine, and Osborn CCP Chinese Communist Party COOM Committee for One Million Against the Admission of Communist China in the United Nations GMD Guomindag JCS Joint Chiefs of Staff NATO North Atlantic Treaty Organization NORC National Opinion Research Center NSC National Security Council PRC People’s Republic of China ROC Republic of China SDBPA State Department Bureau of Public Affairs SEATO Southeast Asia Treaty Organization SOS Save Our Sons Committee UN United Nations UNSC United Nations Security Council USIA United States Information Agency xi l A U ist of bbreviAtions sed in the f ootnotes CT China Telegram CUNY Columbia University, New York DDE Dwight D. Eisenhower DDEL Dwight D. Eisenhower Presidential Library, Abilene, Kansas DOS Department of State DSB Department of State Bulletin EPP Eisenhower Public Papers FRUS Foreign Relations of the United States JFD John Foster Dulles LoC Library of Congress, Washington, DC ML Seely G. Mudd Library, Princeton, New Jersey NAII National Archives II, College Park, Maryland NYU New York University, New York xiii
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