Eight Education Systems: Resource Allocation Policies in the Government School Systems of ...

221 Pages·2007·4.29 MB·English

DOCUMENT RESUME
,E11,235 592
EA 016 157
AUTHOR
McKenzie, Phillip; K eves, John P.
TITLE
Eight Education Systems: Resource Allocation Policies
in the Government School Systems of Australia and New
Zealand. Staffing and Resources Study Report No. 1.
ACER Research Monograph No. 16.
INSTITUTION
Australian Council for Educational Research,
Hawthorn:
SPONS AGENCY
Australian Education Council, Canberra-.
REPORT NO
ISBN-0-85563-248-8
.
PUB DATE,
82
NOTE
221p.; For'related documents, see EA 016 156-159.
PUB TYPE
Reports - Research/Technical (143)
EDRS PRICE
MF01 Plus Postage. PC Not Available from EDR3.'
DESCRIPTORS
*Administrative Organization; Educational Finance;
Elementary Secondary Education; Equal Education;
Foreign Countries; Needs Assessment; Preschopl
Education; Public Schools; *Resource Allocation;
,
Retrenchment; School Demography; *School
Organization; School Statistics; Teacher
Characteristics; *Teacher Distribution; *Teacher
Salaries
IDENTIFIERS
*Aystralia; *New Zealand
ea.
ABSTRACT'
A comparative analysis of staff allocation in the six
Australian States, the Australian Capital Territory, and New
Zealand,
this report describes existing structures and policies at the
education system level and identifies innovative policies worthy of
further examinaticn. After an explanption of the background; and
conceptual framework of this study, the changing structures of the
education systems over the past decade are discussed, particularly
the devolution of authority to schools, including greater.
-responsibility for curriculum development and administrhtion,
and,the
movement toward administrative ,decentralization of the Australian
systems. The following chapters describe variations in.the size and
structure of schools among the systems studied, and the number and
characteristics of teachers and other staff. A chapter on the
allocation of personnel resources to government schools discusses the
mechanisms of staff allocation and the formulae determining
allocations,. Teacher salary costs are detailed, and the final chapter
offers policy options in response to pressures for change.
Recommendations include coordination of different sectors of
education systems, further devolution of administration to regional
offices, progress toward more appropriate structure and size of
schools, school-based curriculum development, and greater school
authbrity for staff selection. Appendixes include classification of
teachers and notes to the numerous_tables.
(1.1a)
5
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a
ACER Research Monograph No. 16
tV
Lf1
EIGHT EDUCATION SYSTEMS:
tc`c
tN1
RESOURCE ALLOCATION
POLICIES IN THE GOVERNMENT
SCHOOL SYSTEMS OF
.
AUSTRALIA AND. NEW ZEALAND
Staffing and Resources Study Report NO. I
Phillip McKenzie
U.S. DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION
NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF EDUCATION
John P. Keeves,
EDUCATIONAL RESOURCES INFORMATION
CENTER (EPIC)
Ao This doct.ment has been reproduced
as
received
the person or organization
frt-
a
originating it.
Minor changes have been made to ;moray°
reproduction quality.
Points of view or opinions stated in this docti-
thent do not necessarily represent official NIE
position or policy.
"PERMISSION TO REPRODUCE THIS
MATERIAL IN
MICROFICHE ONLY
HAS BEEN GRANTED BY
TO THE EDUCATIONAL RESOURCES
INFORMATION CENTER (ERIC)."
ACER RESEARCH MONOGRAPH NO. 16
-d
EIGIIVEDUCATION SYSTEMS:
RESOURCE ALLOCATION POLICIES IN THE GOVERNMEN I' SCHOOL SYSTEMS
OF AUSTRALIA AND NEW ZEALAND
Stalliig and Resources Study
Report No. 1
Phillip McKenzie and John P. Keeves
.0-
.
.
This research study was financially supported by
a grant froth the Australian Education Council.
-
/
Australian Council for Educational Research
Hawthorn, Victoria
.1982
io.P.1
Puuhshed by
'V
esealch Limited
The Australian Council for Educational
3122'
Radford House, Frederick Street, Hawthorn, Victoria
Printed anci,bOunu by
.;r
Brown Prior Anderson Pty Ltd
Evans Street, Burwood, Victoria 3125
Cove.. design by Louise Coutts.
National Library Cataloguing-in-Publication data:
Mckenzie, Phillip, 1950-...'
.,,Eight. education systeins..
Bibliography.
ISBN 0 85563 248 8.
Australasia. 2 School employees
1. Teachers
Australasia. 3. Public schools.- Australasia.
J.P. kJoilli Philip), 1924-;
Beeves,
I.
II. Australiari-Council for EducatiOnal Research.
III.'l'itle. tSeries: ACER researcii monograph;
(Series: Staffing and resources study
no. 16).
report; no. 1.).
371.1'4'099 .,
Copyright Q ACER 1982
CONTENTS
Page
LIST OF TABLES
LIST OF FIGURES
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
CHAPTER 1 THE STAFFING AND RESOURCES STUDY
1
Background.
1
Elements of the Study
2
Conc.eptualtamework for the System Level Study
6
Conduct,of thoSystem Level Study
9
A Broadening in the Expectations for Schools
1.1
16
CHAPTEC. 2 THE CHANGING STRUCTURES OF THE EDUCATION SYSTEMS
Introduction
16
Changes of the Past Decade in Administrative Structures-.
17
28.
Regionalization of Administration
Decentralization.and Resource Deployment
34
Decentralization and Change
35
CHAPTER 3 THE SCE-100LS: THEIR SIZE AND STRUCTURE,
Age of Entry. to Primary School
39
Pre-school Education
42
.
The Structure of-the Primary Schools
47
Transition To and Progress Within the Secondary School
19
'RetentionRates
52.
Types of Schools
57
School Structure: Atftlaboration
61
Distinctive.School Structures
Size of Schools
71
Some Concluding Comments
77
.
CHAPTER 4- TEACHERS AND OTHER PERSONNEL
RESOURCES
.80
TyPeiofEducation Personnel
80
Personnel Numbers
81
e t
Teachers in the Government
Education
ems
86
ys
Projected Enrolment Changes During the 1980s
The SchOol Resources Debate
94
Current Structure of the Teaching Service
101
GOVERNMENT
CHAPTER 5 THE ALLOCATION OF 'PERSONNEL RESOURCES TO
_110
SCHOOLS
110
Allocative Mechanisms
.
Formulae Allocation to Schools: Teachers
111
The Configuration of Teachers in Schools
121
The Above-Formulae Allocation dfTeach,!rs to Schools
136
The Allocation of Support Staff to Schools
149
In Conclusion
151
$
4.
page
CHAPTER 6 Tr,. JPERATING COSTS OF GOVERNMENT SCHOOLS
153
The Role of Cost Studi.ls in. Education
153
0
.
The Measurenient of.SchOol Costs ,
153
Size of School: Coit Irhplicationg
156
S8hool Type: Cost Implications
167
Changing Enrolment Patterns: Cost Implications
169
CHAPTER 7 SOME POLICY OPTIONS
171
Introduction
171
Pressures for Change
171
Some Guiding'Principles for Change
175
The Administrative Struture of the EducatiOn Systenis
177
T,he Structure and Size of Sc !tools
181
''?he Allocation of Resources to Schools
1.85
In Conclusion
190
-REFEItENCES
192
APPENDIX I
GUIDELINES FOWTHE PREPARATION OF THE SYSTEM LEVEL
REPORTS (On Microfiche)
CLASSIFICATION OF TEACHERS
APPENDIX II
199
.
DETAILED NOTES TO TABLES 3.2, 3.6, 5.1 A.,ND 5.4
205
A PP EN DI X_
iw
4
Page.
LIST OF TABLES 4
Number and Size of Education Regons in the
Table 2.1
Government School Systems of Australia
29
and New Zealand, 1979
Distribution of Staff In Central and Regional
Table 2.2
Offices in South Australia as at June 1979
30
Pre-School Education: ?roportion of Children
l'aole 3.
Enrolled in the.YearBefore School Entry.
-
0
Australian States and Territories, r977
end Territories, 1977 and New Zealand, 1978
44
Ntimber and Age Distribution of Children Engaged
Table 3.2.
in Pre-Primary and Early Primary Programs in
Several Stdtes acid NeW Zealand, 1979
46
-
Average Ageby Year of School in the Government
Table 3.3
Schools of Australia and New Zealand, 1964
48
ant1.1979
Retention Rates in government Schools and All
Table 3.4'
Schools 1:orStudents Apparently Remaining to
Years 111, li.and lz (Australia), 1981; Forms
..5,,6 and 7 (New Zealand), 1980
54
.
.
Retention Rates in GOvernment Schools for..
Table
Students Apparently Remaining to Year 12
(Australia) and Form 6 (New Zealand) by Sex
55
for Years 1970-1981
'Types of Government Schools and Enrolments,
'rab:e
58
Australia and New Zealand, 1979
.
Distribution of School Size by School System,
Table 3.7(a)
72
Australia 1979
Percentages of Government Priinary and Secondary
Table 3.7(0)
73
Schools of Particular Sizes in New Zealand 1979
Average School Size Weighted by Student Enrolnient
Table 3.8
77
Distribution, Australia 1979
.0
Numbers of Personnel Employed by Government
Table 4.1
School Systems Per 1000 Students, Australia,
August 197v
82
0,
.
Public Expenditure Per Student, Australian Government
Table 4.2
84
School Systems (except Queensland), ,1978-79
Enrolments in Government Primary and Secondary
Table 4.3
87
Scnools, Australia andWew Zealand, 1972-to 1981
Numbers of Primary and'Secondary Teachers
(E01=time equivalents) in Government Schools
1:
.
88
in Australia and New-Zealand, 1973 to 1961
0
'
Page
Studerit Teacher Ratios in GovernmentSchools in
Tahle 4.5
-89
Australia and New ZeWand, 197..2 to 1981..
Indicies.oI. Recurrent Resource Expenditure in
Taole 4.6
Governinent Schools of the Australian State
Systems in Relation to Schools Commission
89
Targets for Years 1972, 1916 and-19'79
Projected Enrolments by Gdvernee-ntSctiool
!'able 4.7(s)
Systems and Sector. Australia, 1980 to 1990
92
Projected Population tiy Selected Age Groups,
Table 4:7(b)'
New 'Zealand 1981 to 1990-
02
Classified Positions of Teachers in Australian.
Table 4.8,
GOvernment Education Systems, August 1979
100
Proportion of Teaching Positions-fieldby Female
'!'able 4.9
\
Teueners, Australian Governme4 'Education
104
Systems, August 1979
,
.
Age Distribution of Government School Teachers,
'\, Table 4.10
105
Australia
Age Distribution of Australian Teachers, 1963
'faille4.1 t
and°1979
Median Ages of Classified Government School
Table
Teachers, Victoria, 1972 to 1978.
Distribution of Government Schdol Teachers by
Table 4.13 \
107-
Length of Pre-Service Course, Australia, 1979
Formula Allocation of Teachers to Primary Schools
Table 5:1
112
1980
FormUla Allocation of Teachers to Primary Schools
Table 5.2
115
1980, Functional Form
Formula AlloCation of Teaehers to Primary Sehools
table 5.s
1980. Student Teacher Ratio by Enrolment Level
116
Formula Allocation of Teachers to Secondary Schools
'Fable 5.4
118
1980,
Formula Allocation of Teachers' to Secondary Schools
Table 5.5"
119
1980,.Functional Form
Formula, Allocation of Teachers to Secondary Schools
Table 5.6
ar
120
1980. Student - Teacher Ratio by-Enrolment Level
,VorMula Allocation of Teachers to ?cimary Scnools.
Table 5.7(a)
-
'Classification of Teachers, Australian Cai.ital
Territory, New-South Wales and Victoria, 1980
vi
Page
Table 5.7(b)
Formula A.110eation of Teachersto Primary Schools:
ClaSsification df Teachers, Queensland, South
Australia and Western Australia, 1980
125
.
Formula Allocation of Teachers to Primary Schools.
'Fable 5;7(c)
Classification of Teachers, Tasmania and New
Zealand, 1980
126
r
Table 5.8
Formula Allocation of Teachers to Primary Schools.
RItio of Assistants to Promotion,Positions.,
Australia and New Zeal'and 198(f.
..
Balance of Specialistand Other Teachers,
1/ Tab le 5.9
.
Government Primary Schools of Australia and New
-
Zealand, 1979
128
Table 5.10(a)
For:nula Allocation of Teachers to Secondary
Schools. Classification of Ted-chers,
Australian Capital 'Territory and New South
Wales, 1986
130
Table 5.10(b).
Formula- Allocation of Teachers to Secondary SchoolS.
4
C.laSsificatioTh of Teachers, Victoria, Queensland
and South Australia, 1980
1.31
Table 5.10(e)
Formula .Allocation'of Teachers to Secondary Schools.
Classification of Teachers, Western Australia,
Tasmania and New Zealand, 1980
132
Formula Allocation of Teachers to Secondary Schools.
Table 5.11
Ratio of Assistants to Promotion Positions,
Australia and New Zealand, 1980
133
Balance of Specialist and Other Teachers,
'Fable 5.12
Government Secondary Schools of Australia,
e
135
1979
'
Table 5.13
Relation Between School Enrolment and the Proportion
of Teachers Allocated By Staffing Scnedule. Australian
Government School Systems,. 1979
148
Formula Allocation of Teachers. Relation
Table 6.1la)
Between School Enrolment and Annual Teacher
Salary Costs, Australian Capital Territory
1980
157
Formula Allocation.of Teachers. Relation Between
Table 6.1(b)
School Enrolment and Annual Teacher Salary
...Costs; New South Wales 1980
157
..
Formula Allocation of Teachers. Relation Between
Table 6.1(c)
School Enrolment and Annu'al Teacher Salary
Costs, Victoria 1980
158
,
vii
Page'
42
,
Formula Allocation of Teachers. Relation Between
Table 6.1(r:.).
School Enrolnient and Annual Teacher Salary
..
c .,
.
.-
.
158
Queensland 1980
`.Costs,
_ .
;et
.
..
Teachers. Relation Beiweell
For mula.Allocation
Table 6.f(e,',
School Enrolment and Annual Teacher Salary
.
and
159
posts, South Austr,alia 1980
.
,,1
.
TatfleOlf)
Formula Allocation DE Teachers. Relation Between
.
,
-cnooi F.nrolinent&nd Annual Teacher Salary
159
COSIs Western Australia 1980
.
Formula Allocation of Teachers. Relation Between
Table 6. ilg)
SchookEnrolment and Annual Teacher Salary
160
Costs, Tasmania 1980
.
Formula Allocation of Teachers. Relation Between .
Table 6.1(h)
School Efnrolment and Anntial Teacher Salary
160
Costs, New Zealand 1980
ForMu? 'Allocation of Teachers to Primary Schools.
Table 6.2
i Teacher Salary Costs Per Student,
Indices
162
Australia and New Zealand 1980
Formula Allocation of Teachers\to*Seconciary
fable 6.3
Spools. Indices of Teacher Sala-ry Costs per
164
Student, Australia and New Zealand 1980
Staffing and Resources Study: Classification of
Table A.f
Resources (On Microfiche)
.
Teacher Classifications and Salary'Levels, Australia
Tabl,
201
and New Zealand 1980
4