AN ABSTRACT OF THE THESIS OF Bota~y Chris Kelvin Kjeldsen for the Doctor of Philosophy in (Phycology) (Name) (Degree) (Major) /.:1 ~d ~~ Date thesis is presented Title EFFECTS OF VARIATONS IN SALINITY AND TEMPERATURE ON SOME ESTUARINE MACRO-ALGAE Redacted for Privacy Abstract a pproved ~ y YJ.afor professor), Yaquina Bay, an estuary on the central Oregon Coast was stud ied to determine the factors limiting the seasonal occurrence and spa tial distribution of the macro-algae. The. physical and chemical prop erties of the waters, in Yaquina Bay and estuary, are strongly in £luenced by the prevailing climatological conditions. Temperature and salinity were studied as ecological parameters in the field and in the laboratory. Field studies involved determination of algal spe cies, their habitats, location within the intertidal zone, spatial dis tribution, seasonal occurrence, and tolerance to variations in salin ity and temperature as determined from the physical-chemical re gime of the estuary. The majority of the species had optimum growth in, or were limited to, salinities of 35 to 30%0 and temperatures of lO to 13 C. Four zones were defined in the estuary: zone one, extending one and one-half kilometers into the estuary, where the flora con sisted primarily of open coast forms; zone two, a transitional area extending nine kilometers into the estuary occupied by brackish wa ter species and a few of the more tolerant forms also found in zone one; zone three, a brackish water area extending 21 kilometers into the estuary to the town of Toledo with typical brackish water inhabi tants; and zone four, above the town of Toledo inhabited by fresh wa ter forms. Eight species, Ulva expansa, Enteromorpha linza, Laminaria saccharina, Sargassum muticum, Alaria marginata, Odonthalia floc ~I Iridaea splendens and Gigartina californica, were used in lab oratory studies to determine the effect of variations in temperature and salinity on rates of respiration and photosynthesis, thus deter mining the control these ecological factors may exert in nature. Two methods were employed to detect changes in concentration of oxygen in the medium during respiration and photosynthesis. These were manometric methods uSing a Gilson differential respirometer, and Winkler titration of water samples froIn a 50 -liter photosynthesis respiration chamber. The experiments determined hourly rates of respiration and photosynthesis in decreased salinities at 10, 15, and 20 C. A series of experiments were also undertaken to determine the the effect of adaptive exposure upon the metabolic rates of macro algae in media of various salinities. In laboratory experiments it was found: a) rates of respiration increased with increasing temperatures, however, in experiments in the Gilson respirometer, uSing tissues from Laminaria, Sargassum, Odonthalia, and Iridaea, there was an inhibition of respiration at 20 C resulting in rates below those at 15 C; b) rates of respiration in creased in reduced salinities down to 11%0; c) rates of photosynthesis were markedly reduced in salinities of less than 11%0; d) in several experiments the rates of photosynthesis were enhanced in salinities of 22%c; e) rates of photosynthesis, with three exceptions, were higher with increasing temperatures; f) photosynthesis was more sensitive to extreme dilutions than respiration, but respiration was more sen sitive to temperature change s than photosynthesis, and g) adaptation to salinities above 11%0 does not alter the mode of protoplasmic re sponse to variations of salinity, but does reduce the magnitude of the response. Ulva expansa, Laminaria saccharina, Sargassum muticum,. Alaria marginata, and Gigartina californica showed tolerances to variations in salinity and temperature in laboratory experiments correlating with their distribution in the estuary, and with its physi cal-chemical regime. In laboratory experiments, Enteromorpha linza, Odonthalia floccosa, and Iridaea splendens showed tolerance to variations of salinity and temperature exceeding the variations they encountered in nature and therefore, their distribution must be lim ited by some other factors. EFFECTS OF VARIATIONS IN SALINITY AND TEMPERATURE ON SOME ESTUARINE MACRO-ALGAE by CHRIS KELVIN KJELDSEN A THESIS submitted to OREGON STATE UNIVERSITY in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY June 1967 APPROVED: Redacted for Privacy In Charge of Major Redacted for Privacy Redacted for Privacy Dean of Graduate School Date thesis is presented August 12, 1966 Typed by Opal Grossnicklaus ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The author wishes to express his sincere appreciation to his major professor, Dr. Harry K. Phinney, for suggestion of the prob lem. His guidance and inspiration throughout the investigation and editorial efforts in preparation of this thesis are gratefully acknowl edged. The writer is indebted to Dr. C. David McIntire, Assistant Professor of Botany, and to Dr. Charles E. Warren, Professor of Fisheries and Wildlife, for their encouragement, guidance, and financial assistance in preparation of the P-R chamber at the Oregon State Marine Science Center, Newport, Oregon. Appreciation is ex pressed to Dr. McIntire for his constructive criticism of this manu script. Thanks are also given to Mr. Wilbur Breese, Associate Professor of Fisheries and Wildlife, Oregon State University Marine Science Center, for his cooperation and assistance. Special thanks go to Messers. Waldemar Seton and Raymond Jones of the Georgia Pacific Corporation for making available unpub lished hydrographic data. Thanks are given to Dr. Kenneth Chew, Associate Professor of Fisheries, who provided data concerning daily temperatures, collected by the Invertebrate Section of the Col lege of Fisheries, University of Washington. Finally, the author wishes to express his sincere appreciation to his wife, Beverly, for her encouragement and patience. TABLE OF CONTENTS INTRODUCTION .... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 1 Description of Survey Area .....•....•. 3 Physical Factors Operating in Yaquina Bay. 5 Precipitation •• 6 Temperature. 9 Wind ••. .12 Turbidity . 12 ... Salinity .• •• 15 Currents .19 MATERIALS AND METHODS .21 Laboratory Studies ............................ 21 Studies Using the Gilson Differential Respirometer •••. 22 Studies Using the Photosynthesis -Respiration Chamber•• 26 Studies of the Effects of Adaptation ••• 31 Field Studies ................................ 33 .... . . . . . .. .. . . . . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . RESULTS •••••• .35 Tolerance of Sele~ted Species to Variations of Salinity and Temperature as Revealed Through Gilson Respirometer and P-R Chamber Studies of Their Rates of Photosynthesis and Respiration ............... ., .......... . .35 Results of Gilson Differential Respirometer Studies . .35 Ulva expansa .•••••• • • • 36 Laminaria saccharina .36 Sargassum muticum • .39 Odonthalia floccosa • • .. 39 Iridae.a splendens ..• .42 Gigartina californica .42 .. Results of P-R Chamber Studies ••. .45 Ulva expansa .••..•• .47 Enteromorpha linza .•• . .47 Laminaria saccharina .• .47 . . . . Sargassum muticum . • 51 Alaria marginata •••• 51 Odonthalia floccosa .54 Iridaea splendens .54 Gigartina californica .54 Results of Adaptation Studies .58 TABLE OF CONTENTS (Continued) U1va expansa •••...• 58 . . . Laminaria saccharina 60 Sargassum muticum 60 A1aria marginata . 63 Iridaea sp1endens 65 Field Studies ..•...... •. 67 Species Present and Their Habitats 68 Distribution of Species and Seasonal Occurrence. 69 Temperature and Salinity Tolerance of the Macro Algae of Yaquina Bay .........•....•. 72 DISCUSSION 84 U1va expansa .•....• 90 Enteromorpha linza 90 Laminaria saccharina 90 A1aria marginata 91 Sargassum muticum . 91 Odonthalia floccosa 91 Iridaea sp1endens 91 . . . Gigartina californica 92 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS 124 BIBLIOGRAPHY 128 APPENDICES .. 133 APPENDIX A. Tables 1 to 8 133 APPENDIX B. Species Present in Yaquina Bay and Their Habitat .....•.•......• 141 APPENDIX C. Key to the Macro-Algae in Yaquina Bay 148 APPENDIX D. Collecting Areas in Yaquina Bay. . . • . 157 LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1. Location map showing Yaquina Bay, Oregon. 4 2. Drainage basin of the Yaquina estuary. 7 3. Correlation between precipitation and runoff. 8 4. Temperature regime at six stations in Yaquina Bay. 11 5. Turbidity regime at six stations in Yaquina Bay. 13 6. Salinity regime at six stations in Yaquina Bay. 18 7. Rates of respiration and photosynthesis in Ulva 37 expansa at various temperatures and salinities as measured in the Gilson differential respir ometer. 8. Rates of respiration and photosynthesis in Laminaria 38 saccharina at various temperatures and salinities as measured in the Gilson differential respirometer. 9. Rates of respiration and photosynthesis in Sargassum 40 muticum at various temperatures and salinities as measured in the Gilson differential respirometer. 10. Rates of respiration and photosynthesis in Odonthalia 41 floccosa at various temperatures and salinities as measured in the Gilson differential respirometer. 11. Rates of respiration and photosynthesis in Iridaea 43 splendens at various salinities and temperatures as measured in the Gilson differential respirometer. 12. Rates of respiration and photosynthesis in Gigartina 44 californica at various salinities and temperatures as measured in the Gilson differential respirometer. 13. Rates of respiration and photosynthesis in Ulva 48 expansa at various salinities and temperatures as measured in the P-R chamber. LIST OF FIGURES (Continued) Figure 14. Rates of respiration and photosynthesis in 49 Entermorpha linza at various salinities and temperatures as measured in the P-R chamber. 15. Rates of respiration and photosynthesis in 50 Laminaria saccharina at various salinities and temperatures in the P- R chamber. 16. Rates of respiration and photosynthesis in 52 Sargassum muticum at various salinities and temperatures as measured in the P-R chamber. 1 7. Rates of respiration and photosynthesis in Alaria 53 marginata at various salinities and temperatures as measured in the P-R chamber. 18. Rates of respiration and photosynthesis in Odonthalia 55 floccosa at various salinities and temperatures as measured in the P-R chamber. 19. Rates of respiration and photosynthesis in Iridaea 56 splendens at various salinities and temperatures as measured in the P-R chamber. 20. Rates of respiration and photosynthesis in Gigartina 57 californica at various salinities and temperatures as measured in the P-R chamber. 21. Comparison of the rates of respiration and photo' 59 synthesis at 15 C by adapted and non-adapted Ulva expansa. 22. Comparison of the rates of respiration and photo 61 synthesis at 15 C by adapted and non-adapted Sargas sum muticum. 23. Comparison of the rates of respiration and photo 62 synthesis at 15 C by adapted and non-adapted Laminaria saccharina.
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