Effects of Temperature on Ectothermic Organisms: Ecological Implications and Mechanisms of Compensation

294 Pages·1973·11.147 MB·English

by  Wolfgang Wieser (auth.), Professor Dr. Wolfgang Wieser (eds.)

Effects of Temperature
on Ectothermic Organisms
Ecological Implications and Mechanisms
of Compensation
Edited by
Wolfgang Wieser
With 126 Figures
Springer-Verlag New York· Heidelberg· Berlin 1973
Professor Dr. Wolfgang Wieser
Institut fur Zoophysiologie der Universitat Innsbruck
A-6020 Innsbruck
ISBN-13: 978-3-642-65705-4 e-ISBN-13: 978-3-642-65703-0
001: 10.1007/978-3-642-65703-0
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© by Springer-Verlag Berlin· Heidelberg 1973. Library of Congress Catalog Card Number 73-10671.
Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1s t edition 1973
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Preface
The study of thermoregulation in endotherms has contributed much to the emergence
of the concept of control theory in biology. By the same token, the study of tempera
ture adjustment in ectotherms is likely to have a far-reaching influence on ideas on the
regulation of metabolism in general. The reason for this is that ectotherms, in
adapting to the vagaries of a thermally unstable environment, deploy a range of subtle
molecular and organismic strategies. Thus the experimenter, using temperature
changes as a tool, is well equipped to analyze some of these strategies.
This approach has enabled some important mechanisms of temperature-induced
adaptation to be elucidated; the most striking of these are the effects on metabolism
of changes in the conformation of enzymes and the transfer properties of membranes.
Furthermore, there is a vague but persistent feeling among those working in this field
that changes in the nervous system will ultimately prove to be the agency by which
many of the molecular mechanisms of temperature adaptation are controlled. Should
this indeed be the case, a new phase would soon begin in our understanding of the
interactions between the systemic and the cellular levels of organization.
However, it is not only questions about the causes of temperature adaptation that
can provide answers of potential importance to the general biologist; of equal
significance are questions as to the meaning of temperature adaptation in a particular
organism.
Not all the reactions observed in vitro allow conclusions to be drawn about their
role in vivo; it will be necessary to make a careful analysis of the role that temperature
plays in the ecology and biology of an organism before experimental findings at the
molecular level can be seen in their proper perspective.
In discussions on the general problems relating to temperature adaptation one
usually becomes painfully aware how little is known about, for example,
1. the temperature fluctuations in an ectotherm's micro-environment in the course
of a day, let alone a year;
2. the effect of temperature on
a) different forms of biological activity,
b) different tissues, organs and physiological functions,
c) different stages of development;
3. the effects of other ecological factors, e. g. photoperiod, on the expression of
temperature-induced changes in metabolism or behaviour.
There is little doubt that answers to these questions would increase our under
standing of countless biological problems; but, beyond this, they are indispensable
for the formulation of further questions concerning the causes - molecular or
VI Preface
systemic - of adaptation. In fact without the ecological meat, the molecular biologist
would eat a lean meal.
It thus seems proper in all discussions on biological adaptation to recognize - and
to stress - that there are two sides to the coin: mechanisms and ecology.
This is the concept on which we based the Symposium on "Effects of Tempera
ture on Ectothermic Organisms", held at Obergurgl, Austria, from 4 to 8 September
1972.
I thank the many colleagues who helped to organize the meeting and those who
by their efforts and contribution made it a successful venture. I should like to mention
in particular the staff of the "Alpine Forschungsstelle Obergurgl", above all Dr. and
Mrs. H. MOSER; the members of my Department at the University of Innsbruck;
Professor D. NEUMANN of the Department of Zoology, University of Cologne, and
Dr. R. NEWELL, Department of Zoology, Queen Mary College, University of London.
We acknowledge with thanks financial support received from the Austrian "Bundes
ministerium fur Wissenschaft und Forschung", the Tiroler Landesregierung, and the
V olkswagenstiftung.
All the participants stayed at the Hotel Hochfirst and we are grateful to the pro
prietors, Mr. and Mrs. F. GSTREIN, for their efforts to create an atmosphere equally
conducive to after-dinner discussions as to after-discussion dinners.
Innsbruck, October 1973 WOLFGANG WIESER
Contents
Mechanisms
Temperature Relations of Ectotherms: A Speculative Review. By W. WIESER
Temperature Acclimation and Adaptive Changes in the Nervous System. By
K. Y. H. LAGERSPETZ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 25
Neural Control ofT emperature Adaptation in Rana temporaria. By M. N. E. HARRI 35
The Influence of Temperature on Membrane Processes. By CH. WINTER 45
The Regulation of Cellular Function by Temperature-induced Alterations in
Membrane Composition. By J. R. HAZEL .............. 55
Basic Strategies and Mechanisms of Enzyme Adaptation to Temperature.
By P. W. HOCHACHKA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 69
Acute Temperature Change and the Oxidation Rates of Ectotherm Mitochon-
dria. By V. PYE ......................... 83
Effects of Acclimation Temperature on Aerobic Energy Production in Eel
Liver: Oxidative Phosphorylation in Isolated Mitochondria. By E. WODTKE 97
Temperature-compensated Oxygen Consumption of Subcellular Preparations
from Vertebrate Ectotherm, Endotherm, and Tumor Tissues. By L. G. JOHN-
SON and R. C. NEWELL ...................... 107
Molecular Mechanisms of Temperature Adaptation in Arctic Ectotherms and
Heterotherms. By H. W. BEHRISCH . . . . . . . . . 123
Mechanisms of Insect Thermoregulation. By B. HEINRICH ........ 139
Ecology
Environmental Factors Affecting the Acclimatory Responses of Ectotherms.
By R. C. NEWELL ........................ 151
The Influence of Starvation on Temperature Relationships of Metabolism in
Ectotherms. By 1. D. MARSDEN .................. 165
Effect of Temperature on Active and Resting Metabolism in Polychaetes.
By P. E. COYER and C. P. MANGUM ................ 173
Some Effects of Temperature and Food on the Rate of Oxygen Consump-
tion by A{;,tilus edulis L. ByB. L. BAYNE, R. J. THOMPSON, and J. WIDDOWS 181
Temperature-dependent Storage Processes in Crayfish and Spiders. By K.-G.
COLLATZ ...................... 195
Effects of Temperature on the Distribution of Turbellarian Triclads. By
E. PATTEE, C. LAS COMBE, and R. DELOLME ...... 201
VIII Contents
The Measurement of the Efficiency of Growth at Different Temperatures and
Its Significance. By J. N. R. GRAINGER . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 209
Life Table Data and Population Dynamics of the Rotifer Brachionus cafyciflorus
Pallas as Influenced by Periodically Oscillating Temperature. By U. HALBACH 217
The Role of Daily Temperature Rhythms in Brood Development of Ants
of the Tribe Leptothoracini (Hymenoptera; Formicidae). By A. BU5CHINGER 229
The Role of Temperature in Controlling Obligatory Diapause. By H.-J. BRAUNE 233
Cold Resistance
Critical Minimum Temperatures of Reptiles. By 1. F. SPELLERBERG 237
Resistance Adaptations of Marine Invertebrates and Fish to Cold. By H. THEEDE 249
Ecological Aspects of Cold Resistance in Spiders (A Comparative Study).
By W. KIRCHNER . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 271
Cold Resistance and Freezing in Arianta arbustorum L. (Pulmonata). By
H. STOVER 281
Subject Index . 291
List of Participants
c.,
ALDRICH, J. Department of Zoology, Queen Mary College, University of London,
Mile End Road, London E1 4 NS, England
BARNES, H., Dunstaffnage Marine Research Laboratory, Oban, Argyll, Scotland
BAYNE, B. L., Institute for Marine Environmental Research, 13/14 St. James Terrace,
Citadel Road, Plymouth PLl 3AX, England
BRAUNE, H.-J., Zoologisches Institut der Universitiit Kiel, Lehrstuhl fur Zoo
physiologie, D-23 Kiel, HegewischstraBe 3
BUSCHINGER, ALFRED, Zoologisches Institut der Technischen Hochschule, D-61
Darmstadt, SchnittspahnstraBe 3
COLLATZ, KLAuS-GiiNTER, Biologisches Institut I (Zoologie) der Albert-Ludwigs
Universitiit, D-78 Freiburg i. Br., KatharinenstraBe 20
DUNCAN, NAN, Department of Zoology, Royal Holloway College, Englefield Green,
Surrey, England
ENGELMANN, SUSANNE, Institut fur Strahlenschutz, Reaktorenzentrum Seibersdorf,
A-1082 Wien, Lenaugasse 10
GABBOTT, P. A., University College of North Wales, N.E.R.C. Unit, Marine Science
Laboratories, Menai Bridge, Anglesey, Great Britain
GRAINGER, J. N. R., University of Dublin, Department of Zoology and Compatative
Anatomy Trinity College, Dublin 2, Ireland
GRONOW, G., Zoologisches Institut der Universitiit Kiel, Lehrstuhl fur Zoophysiolo
gie, D-23 Kiel, HegewischstraBe 3
GRUBER, K., Institut fur Zoophysiologie der Universitiit Innsbruck, A-6020 Inns
bruck, Peter-Mayr-StraBe 1 a
GUNKEL, W., Biologische Anstalt Helgoland, D-2192 Helgoland
HALBACH, U., Zoologisches Institut der Universitiit Munchen, D-8 Munchen 2,
LuisenstraBe 14
HARRI, MIKKO, N. R., Department of Zoology, University of Turku, SF-20500
Turku 50, Finland
HAZEL, J. R., School of Life Sciences, University of Nebraska, Oldfather Hall
Lincoln, NB 68508, USA
HEITLINDEMANN, H., Zoologisches Institut der Universitiit Kiel, Lehrstuhl fur Zoo
physiologie, D-23 Kiel, HegewischstraBe 3
HOCHACHKA, P. W., Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia,
Vancouver 8, Canada
HOFER, RUDOLF, Institut fur Zoophysiologie der Universitiit Innsbruck, A-6020
Innsbruck, Peter-Mayr-StraBe 1 a
x
List of Participants
HOFFMANN, KLAUS, II. Zoologisches Institut, D-852 Erlangen, BismarckstraBe 10
HORSTMANN, KLAUS, Institut fUr Angewandte Zoologie, D-87 Wurzburg, Rontgen
ring 10
JANKOWSKY, D., Zoologisches Institut der Universitat Kiel, D-23 Kiel, Hegewisch
straBe 3
JOHNSON, LELAND, G., Augustana College, Department of Biology, Sioux Falls,
SD 57102, USA
KIRCHNER, WALTER, Padagogische Hochschule Rheinland, Abteilung Bonn,
Seminar fUr Biologie, D-53 Bonn, RomerstraBe 164
KNAPP, WALTER, Institut fur Zoophysiologie der Universitat Innsbruck, A-6020
Innsbruck, Peter-Mayr-StraBe 1 a
KREBS, FALK, Zoologisches Institut der Universitat Kiel, Lehrstuhl fUr Zoophysio
logie, D-23 Kiel, HegewischstraBe 3
KURECK, ARMIN, Zoologisches Institut, D-5 Koln 41, Weyertal 119
LAGERSPETZ, KARl, Department of Zoology, University of Turku, SF-20500 Turku
50, Finland
LOCKER, ALFRED, Institut fUr Strahlenschutz, Reaktorenzentrum Seibersdorf,
Biologisch-Medizinische Abteilung, A-l082 Wien, Lenaugasse 10
MALASEK, ALFRED, Institut fUr Strahlenschutz, Reaktorenzentrum Seibersdorf,
A-l082 Wien, Lenaugasse 10
MANGUM, C. P., Department of Biology, College of William and Mary, Williamsburg,
VA 23185, USA
MARSDEN, Is LAY, D., Department of Zoology, Queen Mary College, University of
London, Mile End Road, London El 4NS, England
MEINCKE, K.-F., II. Zoologisches Institut, D-852 Erlangen, BismarckstraBe 10
NEUMANN, D., Zoologisches Institut der Universitat Koln, D-5 Koln-Lindenthal,
Weyertal 119
NEWELL, R., Department of Zoology, Queen Mary College, University of London,
Mile End Road, London El 4NS, England
Nopp, H., II. Zoologisches Institut der Universitat Wien, A-l01O Wien, Luegerring 1
PATTEE, E., Departement de Biologie Animale et Zoologie, Universite Claude
Bernard, 43, Bd. du 11 Novembre 1918, F-69 Villeurbanne
PFLUGER,W., Zoologisches Institut III der Universitat KOln, D-5 Koln 41, Weyertal119
PYE, VERONICA, Department of Biophysics and Physical Biochemistry, University of
Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, P A 19104, USA
RATTE, HANS-ToNI, D-5 Koln 1, Thurmchenswall35
REICHEL, K., Institut fUr Zoophysiologie der Universitat Innsbruck, A-6020 Inns
bruck, Peter-Mayr-StraBe 1 a
REMMERT, H., II. Zoologisches Institut der Universitat Erlangen-Nurnberg, D-8520
Erlangen, BismarckstraBe 10
Roux, c., and Roux, A. L., Departement de Biologie Animale et Zoologie, Bat. 403,
F-69 Villeurbanne, 43, Bd. du 11 Novembre 1918
RUTTNER-KoLISKO, A., Biologische Station Lunz am See, A-3293 Lunz am See
SANTARIUS, K. A., Botanisches Institut der Universitat Dusseldorf, D-4 Dusseldorf,
UlenbergstraBe 127
SATTLER, CHRISTA, Institut fur Zoophysiologie der Universitat Innsbruck, A-6020
Innsbruck, Peter-Mayr-StraBe 1 a
List of Participants XI
SCHAUB, GDNTER, Institut fUr Angewandte Zoologie der Universitat Bonn, D-S3
Bonn, An der Immenburg 1
SPELLERBERG, IAN F., Department of Biology, The University, Southampton S09
SNH, England
STOVER, HELMA, Universitat Regensburg, Fachbereich Biologie, D-84 Regensburg,
UniversitatsstraBe 31
STREICHHAN, PETER, I. Zoologisches Institut der Universitat Gottingen, D-34
Gottingen, Berliner StraBe 28
u.,
TECKELMANN, II. Zoologisches Institut der Universitat Erlangen, D-8S20
Erlangen, BismarckstraBe 10
THEEDE, H., Institut fUr Meereskunde der Universitat Kiel, D-23 Kiel, Niemanns
weg 11
TICHY, WALTRAUD, Lehrkanzel fur Meeresbiologie der Universitat Wien, A-1090
Wien, WahringerstraBe 17
WEGENER, UTE, Zoologisches Institut der Universitat Kiel, Lehrstuhl fur Zoo
physiologie, D-23 Kiel, HegewischstraBe 3
WELBERS, P., Zoologisches Institut III, Universitat Koln, D-S Koln 41, Weyer tal 119
WIESER, WOLFGANG, Institut fUr Zoophysiologie der Universitat Innsbruck, A-6020
Innsbruck, Peter-Mayr-StraBe 1 a
WINTER, CH., Fachbereich Biologie der Universitat Frankfurt, D-6 Frankfurt a. M.
SiesmayerstraBe 70
WODTKE, E., Zoologisches Institut der Universitat Kiel, Lehrstuhl fur Zoophysio
logie, D-23 Kiel, Hegewischstrafie 3
Contributing Authors Not Present at Meeting
BEHRISCH, HANS W., Institute of Arctic Biology, University of Alaska, Fairbanks,
AK 99701, USA
COYER, P. E., Department of Zoology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA
01002, USA
DELOLME, R., Departement de Biologie Animale et Zoologie, Universite Claude
Bernard Lyon I, F-69 Villeurbanne, 43, Bd. du 11 Novembre 1918
HEINRICH, B., College of Agricultural Sciences, Division of Entomology, University
of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
c.,
LAS COMBE, Departement de Biologie Animale et Zoologie, Universite Claude
Bernard Lyon I, F-69 Villeurbanne, 43, Bd. du 11 Novembre 1918
THOMPSON, R. J., Departement of Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova
Scotia, Canada
WIDDOWS, J., Institute for Marine Environmental Research, St. James Terrace,
Plymouth, England