Effects of seed wasps and seedless fruits on fruit and oil yields of Pistacia chinensis as a biofuel tree

2011·2.5 MB·

by  Qiong-Xia, Liu

mR San ect Sir, H.-F sc atte

Fifects of seed wasps and seedless fruils on Iruit and oil yields
of Pistucia chinensis as a bioluel tree
HU Qinng-Nia'?, WEN Li-Zlang!, ZHOU Hua-liae™, WU Qian’,
Marvin K. HARRIS', XIAO Zhi-Shu?”
2. She Key Labi nee: Kase oad Hen Ag
4. npn anit aoe Lawes ah, 405
4 les Sty Too ABN Lae Tee MOA: USS"

Abstract: Prosi chiens Bante (Antennae? paeluees high is aw bean rote
singe! Bisel eoame utah etaching le plattirs i Clan Howser, bares of Ci
Sil coves se il oy then a Hs ls ea (Bute pt ile,

2s Uke aposaliet food prelates» aa sede Hue i knwo pedborseanie as abated). La eal
buses the npact of rodatr damage ad acedees Suits oot ond cl yield of ae pompetie hel
Po, Mo ued sp reketion ema ysl fits ard woe aeape hy ening Fre andl

Dpovanune sang rl sual plots tinge P e&twospopeleticns fe Wis Tahoe Shar Tun ty,
FHienan ponivve nee an tse! “itl one female satgony flo we smd, selon
irmarciiei' Thm mess ilar that Fuk cnn abd vay ey ov nih

flsota seal annie pops wit do averse 83.0% cobbitng erin Lite aad 22.660 ann
fauoeriufeto: fit, Ibe dey Sane of eto acelese 130. 7 ugimit? or wneetnfstd 35.1 a”
een) Fine an Tm tan al of somal (57-4 rgFui) «amd The oll cent is slr ena
Aone ue {CR} nd fet fo 19.886} Tee, hw ata ers: low thn tha (38.9689
url re Ra ley a ae i rT ee Cae ego ie ibarvel Tait ped (2.9 ber
seen oaced mb SOGH uh pera (4.7 hyo a the eee il il (0.6 bare)
fae keon ba on hil of Ur ejected (1. aye), al Lal el i ile wap saul wc
eopulaous, One el indicates that 1 sant feecs econ cree posed by ecollees aad sec

{ote fits fat nocd to he arenern Bore adapting thie one a aeajr Moc) aco.

Rey wards, Patria vars, land: Nafuel eng sod nape are pom weno Fst,
Tit se il ye

Saothocs sii Huge (Sapien
TON abo fades Linn. (Kuphesarne Psa
urea Linn, { Luphorbiaecae }. faeries fond
Fg seoniy tse heme a warkd wide Temi, (Eaphiaecas } and. Com leno
peblen Winy suman ane weaning anger £ Conngenan eoduen high-e ft
Sevskping ronutable energy sores suuh ak cnurey and have heen peepued az laste Intl 2
plinte amd ter produete to repaer fossil feels to must the puny energy noods [Wiag, 2005. Li

1 INTRODUC

[Wumg, 2008; Field ce wh, 3008: Adler ot a. af fay OPI. Hoar ame irporktl sles pri Fs
20083. Theee enengy plenty oud thei produets ame rvaliishing ange an pation et onsese
‘ousidered to be npr bishel somes te eapply past ial hese at mary inte sit aul
fantaioable over. sud to edneo grccnbouss gaaos —palite 9° ein feuil’are ge alan carer
fand seid rein, Tower, whsther aaficiat Fiekls sili,

Sat hs euste fow these ong plant ete oy Po elomis Varn leben tha
Frtlarecke te Hinit-vopié) development of toate’ eccoumann it ara hfe tos. (1) bigh oll eateat
infil ieulsinn In Clin, sever alee en (3586 40% im ite (Chas al, 20005 Wh

suvlvac Pisin vhiwons Henge Snwcliaoae), ah, 2008); £2) side

Bn Pings Steg GOR: OPPs NtHL REE VES
BATE AE eT, ae ESE UPD eS, Bas Sc
SRSAEE omega, Bal st

AU eve PURO GET fog ge ROL
be nase

‘over 100 000 bo (Win. 2008
Haw at of 31); 68) wml einai
alton nf va 30

amg, 2005 15 (4) wm oblige ie Laer
ills evils hee sealer 18 Lites wal ace
final ee a rok suri well: 82 pact for
rage pinion fer lng bern ace i hie
{Cover mils ha 5 (G1 inf igh guiy ith
igh poigetion arson Cay oie (PAS.
inhaling gti peti
rascanie uid, av

il ra le ail Hie a, 21075, Chin a
2095 Qian any ZN, We od oy MD} CPD
Facet poople log ML Taig Shae ase one
ing eal the vl “ir venking Cian aa
BON yrs fveaigtion

planiction of 2. ohiorate an

En et ah, 20085

wah tom

aml (8? large

Sollee energy ts
can rllklvely esd sil vn ane impor
fonlogsal ed wa al sos (Bangs 2A i
ta, 2M
Hisesirs

hives

presents som
challenger ti he overeat iis tn le
Sinerssully pital ay 1 bie wee the

Fenn saben! iy Ist Vlogs pean
roth. golive ss ein iol 1 Prion
Slice jtiale that within the gens) Moda.
ealenoary the pl tor

fel ea aton i very anamnuan anal va ar
vr the SUN oF lhe mgt oe bie
CTrssmorle 19:1, 1998h2, P. deine Contam,
DR, Vouk aun ture nae, TURE, BOHN sen
Peace (Palo, 1998. Tike other Placa
yeti, pllenunnpe wd suetion ane os
bar Gamba, TS; pes
nervaion . Vrivese (IOUS) rset Ue ie
tried te Tia aes

‘hiss To
(Gand Fi bene be thal dl
fin (is eug ge oe inert ade
fonner st fs aah el sa ei Ds
(AS. 8866 Mee the Ler (3.924 1— baci,
Te seal wan Bee oven plano’ Rieke in
Fan icin rel prt ware ae al
sing of Tvs sed ol Bo hse ("in 0 bn
1044 Clash Moa, 204, Ck ot a, 20808)
Te 2007 sand 2008, all Ting rows of Pehvee
Hatodand ill aes 986 at
‘hui: daragel in Shopng eaunty, Webel Frosines
(Qi at of, 20093

soon altar Ty

So lath wenoyeageal and
rece Fei Ee, pense avd abut )
aay eobtantially voduce fit and ol ys
vedi, i is amwmey te ewes the ipa of
sds damage and eceess uit on Et and oll
le oF thie tem,

Tn this atmdy oo quand ery sete
asl by wad one an soallese Fels by
retin ingen soo apts “ro in ik
lintel ama: 2B, ehicense poplin ie BI
Thibung Shao in Jig City, Hisar prvsints We
lao meant rit oil euitet Jor cal ensgury
Tees, soul, gost nd “ascent fe
‘xilin. ee ppg ames
rrargrarent npnanck for this svelte prion

cotublshing goes pelts

2 MATERIALS AND MI

ETHODS

2.1. Study species
Piao esas nian ica tae
Hower ois cain Wael Fle Al. Mae
lane een initiate Nowariny tor xeon Tein the
i we al, BOF Si, 2D
Tnfkanarsons of armani Neer
te slwins soups Aller gilfnain, the fait
tlvelays within 1 =2 peeks I le x ab be

rte Tit, a te apt eee domi ai
a daly
Adhere Unity ne pale Ia aller ain ie

Like thes Piacente “tama
Fok ie highly seveebdad cy sem iil lua
favs Fe om Te vidi sols, Va el Fs
for smuviate spel al ivhale yrhermcseys,
ose wl etl Cviy (ier al anes)
(Tian et ak, 194; Viv et se T99y Cha oo,
MN; Ui ef h., 2D, Panera arvinn He
fualire #2 afr eal ta wn oggcatal hae
Aha asad kam a single ame wilh ttl
raul, Provo olaing {Vin ef aly 15 Uh
sand Xie 20033 Cla et a, 20163 1 ta, 3)
al ove gine velit adult
Frauen of £gdotilor lav 1 —3 via a the ier
sell of jain File i Tle My to ely July the
frse Tad cance Tol alae

Tevoe rii

ere until ie weal else bei a
Heselap. Ie al cea only ee Tara rele inl
spe in the ea avd ave in the weds fin = 3
des Tine rune ne pupa followed by cul
2.2 Experimental desiga

Tlie may wae eri i
(359084 T1229", OU —
of Leman ‘Pe'nos, Noh China, Bekins

Feil So
i 92 diva Cle

Techs,
How of

roman wit Fano yuna ang, M1
Shar ($6 208; Fr ef uly 2000)
2000 “The slinte atthe study ate i tempore
rove nnentalanugenay Tym wi
teumpastane of 15.2—14,0°C atl academe,
prepitaton af 605 1m (Seng and Qu, 1996
IO ie ne ay Ho

Dring lite Septouber in 2009. wo collins

Fats mh matty Fen AD Ting Rl tro
thowe serie papular af P. rhicsaicg 1 hoes
in Bape, Us lene fn Shay save ler

Yugo, Below ellen Tb se el aia
Fi cro forall dead toa Ty ating te
then emning tafactessenece Fem cash of four
nancies and all fue fin cach of 1 20
infinetceceuros for cat woe. Fax collected fe,
we randy selected 10m 209 Sroxs al the
Anvividaally disered tsta to eek these condition

teased in thew

wath le

egoriegy sound, ss
‘Ghclading met end yotenapi } ul feet
inated

See ray sled fais tan ive ote

le ree tu tera Ure dey ane (01 mg)
‘hor seonednid at G0 fr 72 h. her each tr,
Isaet 20 fut Wize Sacluded fe cach eakegonr

ise fir

vob eatery
ecthsd {Mirna et, 2000)
{eat Ts ty on an “is il ranted Hsin

tevee many Suthlot
Tw this seme,
inersr aah royal yields besa ll ee
‘slr Gros Fu mle They wee Harve
2.3) Indexes eafeutated
2A. erat ene pet to Mee etiate fit crop
CA.) fo each tos: bas on the filling foul:
Boo Nya, where Bis tho muber of al
stio-sinilar maachce for a gvea soe, 8, is the
average inucteseence munber per bncasb and 45
the averago tot amber ys ifenctestence

2.3.2 Fopocte “mit weal vile por es We
pina exert il lye For ec mas hy
intially aneting tht all eile seere soe. The
ccgretr esl yield (38, Lyre) a elie
Te Tillowing fv: Mf, = 8, + 8,21 OM OCW
sete 8 The Hi sy for gis Une al, a
Ue iets deg ase Cag) af se Te

expected ol Fiokl 9. orton) sexe estate hy
fhe falling fone 4, = 98, 9.77 10 OF
1 iste aise ell boat fx rd fst

2.3.3 Observed feat and il yields por wee: The
tdsserred drut und ell yields ineluled all fait
eatowrics eascree ia tas sms. The obeerrcd fut
sel (30, yee ny stint bythe Gling
Fnmuuln, WW (9, oN, + P68, 47,9 80)

TA OHN, “lee P,P al the ppt
earl ealegary Tor ah Ire, eg sal, sles
sud ie inl, vemos A AFy 2 Min
Te ae des nse Cg) of ees ery fir nae
fae, fey soma, atlest and eostendote,

speedy, Tho obvomed oil yield (AZ, e'tee)
as etivale hy the allowing fomrule, M,, =, &

(Pe M60. + Mead 0,47. 3M 0,
LO HH wher, Oy aan, the ea el
onan raleginy fe mh ote Sey se,

serge ona infeed,
2.4 Stafisties! unalysis
Peazon’ ¢ Chi-Square test was used to tet the
Aigeeconee sf the “ize ft categsion armoag ths
thaoe populations, Oueaway ANOVA wi uae ote
Ye slifrewco uf cao dey ames or tho il coment
(amesine equare-xvettransforuod* amg tho tho:
Frat satgerine th USI fur esi sa raion
AROGA gu ete el toes the

reaimlivey

One
Aileen of either exymetel x nine vil sul
til pile sng lene pation. Paacesonple
feacted and chaeroed yielde fa ether fait ot ol
fd for sarh avd alan of the thtos papalatons, AL
toalyae wee ounduered by using STS LL.

I Well lifeouren. Toe

3) RESULTS

3.1. Proportion of three fruit categories fran
three ponutations

roi vanivas ried really

villee opus Cg BB. TL, df ad Pe
0.001 or iriridoal plants sampled {y” = 3 680.00,

F278, P< 0.013. Ths reponion af aound fre
(40. 96) eas tho Dighest ma the Tiago:
Popalation, but cuore aootlees tte (62. 956
ecu fa the Sheoyuum copnation and mote
vicctinfestod ring C2. 32) iw tho. Tago
palotion {Fig 1). Hoe ths pogaation raat the
femgocion (aman | SEV

BREE 1 R.4%, whey wuss me

Srclhsn isya
van twin Ila
sound lily (24.48) 2.55645 and te propo
Fotis fbn we ivr a fms

Frits (2%. fre 4. Ub | Ug. V7
3.2 Dey mas und oll content of throe
fruit categories

The try mass {mocen # SE) ok seund traits was
vpemoends butbee (67.4 1. 1 ous) thon cant of
tithe ssl Tells (30.7 =, arg) ei
testa evige (33.10, 4 emg) Ta, tha i
‘ies Tbs sas sir Ia sleet
BPS, FeO. OD1} (hig. 2, 4). The
MEA sand ni IMG
1.9663 yamine Ue tne higher a |
lao cools (3. 498 0, 38 Yo fzgrtinbnt,
fits (3.98 £0.28} 7 -9.38. 47-2,
0.009; Fig. 2s By
bs RENT te
? i
al _
Wig tes Vici ions te sng lowe pp eats ema, ve ning

hela arate, ioral

Dy kl mee (Messer 3, Toes San

ssprticamely leon thin tho expo pol CP
OLN {Hig. Be Ay Bajs Bosed a y rs, the
vane frit seld €2.9 =H 3 g/t, population
tnoan} wae .cae thin 50% of the capucted vied
[8740.7 kyr) (4-6 7M, PI. Pe
O00 (Figs 35 A). The steer viel (2.6.2
(01 Se’te, peplation mam} aa Teeth one
third of tho expoesad yisld £1.9 20. atten) i=
6.738, df-38, Ps 0.001) (Fig 8; BD

evo Eat pte ie FS : oc | og

3.3) Heit und ot ica
Pith oles son espa pile fons eho
Fat oe gre sri nny ila ppalins
olserved fnityickl. Fy ~0. 288. P ~0, 752;
pected fut iol, F., ~ 0. DA. P~ 0. 8345
obs oil piekl. Fy. ~ 1, 608. P ~ 0, 21
cnpecta ol veal. £0,124, P~0, 844)
flvaseed yield Bom exer fit at ol

bat

‘dd UB} canmy dee pepsi af Fst seas
IO ie ne ay Ho

4 DISCUSSION

4:1 Imus of predatur dumage and sees,
Traits on Fruit und ol yee

‘hx sy showed that both avast incet-
infested frie contbute to a hi reduction jn fut
and cil yields aming tbe thee populations of ¥
‘hives. Wa ono that “nit faten varie. bat
‘svg nda part a among pation. his
aaay be eeuvod i ininse “acting Ce g.. abunaaee
and fal fer ratios in repronetice paplatior3 ane
fhe charting of fal: tees) ana satin
alvin Tine Danses td le
Ths Ue Facies nook ilar

faciy tr
sili)

ransaliaes el bu Ie Giller ale. Chr revally

lvoe ha. 53045 uf gerThe. fled 22.68% uh
Inger ileal Us aural on eines, VW
Toather vonfirns al x bigh prysrlion af sede
Fit fe pace ad thes il hageey la
ryricdatise ans “a Barr play (Aiouabeg,
DHS, 19%, bar, 1989, “Trswsel, Ma
W9h, 994, onl ual Corerkeyer, ORG
Palisa, 14904. Other tai: ln sling th Ii
Af anf se relay ste en
la rear repnahiction omiuds, og, Ronpata

roontona (Doane Ranting Loria, 8}
Rurernain } (Barus
DAW He Po shined, aiid
ellinstion of fel res thrangh sping ism
fa pans ard water tan inonene sonal Tats hy
wrt snd sale by 49. 63 compar Ue
evapo to mca glinatins {od Nic,
po Thue. pollen Bos om palliation
Tule ua be imigonant eae For high prpeions
of seodlewe fruits in P. chinensis, Tower, wor
sae Fowl less tha the SO — 100%
repormed prcvionely dram weed wags (Than ol
19945 Chui ot of. 2006: Qn eat, 2009}. I is
possthc :aut prove stile way nut conser the
fnygacts¢2 selene Exot im the exealatious, Trait
bomen ane partheroeaery in Pistacir und other
plunte aro hepothesizd om a devor metkuniea to
reduce predatr damage (Jurdao, 1999. Travose:,
$993e, b, 1904; Fuentes and Schupp. 1908; Verdi
and Corse-Tavoe, 1998 j. In this smd, :t is
sucloar wkeer sodese Grate ix Fchinemvis baee
the potential te reduce predation of wiahlo aoeds by
seed wpe
we slay fond that in # ahinmuie, Dott
senile and insetnfst vite anf Wess
redusson im both sag mare (S06) and il canta
(20%) anpaned to soni ta, OM somtant 46

dnd Barer tonto
foie eae

hima

Luter for sso homicke 44, 315 55, 975) ban
sure hinge ar snd sity £39, 615% —38, 614 9
2108, Wu oan, 208).
hil incite nf slog ae eet ei
nla the bral Fit gil (2,9 g/m}
revs rotkoed ese the 505% of the expecta yd
[4.7 hg’inoct aad the bert il yield £06 he
tee gre Hoss are ate ind he expt $l

(hen a, Dae the

(1.9 keg/ieee) I there 8 tiller a wither
Tet ar ol ie nang illest pyostaian, “hie
ues tha P- chiogncs fuss sorhane challenge
temet hy sells se ee Ke Ht ew
Heli enens Ub aden te a a a HC

sae of ie
4.2. Implicarons for management

Po thioensis shes live Ue invinsie plea
pene high Tis ae high orp iy are
‘riled bse al inser inked Teil Our
sesh miggests Mat theon a omed ideal
‘larva ta mprntisn by al ly 2

sins Cael atplie ather liens geen
ferent al elas Fr tet usin ne
Th fel of Ue spre mys Tree 195
Ver anal Canaaetagns, HON, Pain, 1901

Sines il sb atl ptherenspe are Fn

Mion, plats Mille, 191s
Sutherkand, 1986). joins fears inal Phe

CSelnabe al

fe nding in mgriducioe papuaons, gain
Diag sel Tinting ingyen a
Tilly eran Here Flirs eerie a

reyraloetioe pala. Hinged Wi 8821 by

“MET of evn lv wade sae Ue vn iki
tale is an iw msar ee parentage mil
Teale (i a, 2008; Nu, 208. te eliton,
evlic inyeaament aval vlc howl alse be
ee ae sin ease ne ithe
suanal Fiityg walneal Inline
am prueally welled syrowshe hae ale Loe
tabard £15 ew, 2007).

sine Garton arly as nirommental

rollin n,gor eller lady) alps
lanes sas ale ale il Guns sad pal
Sever allies saggent Mest eater ty Ine ne
nueelintTniline sve Meal Walsh he
renee af paemararic ile Yew aul
Garcarhave, IK 3. Yona Gartacbavn
CH958 four that “a6 imigata femalen of #
leaeans sieiicnlly lieved the peraetage af

rare
Tn China, most #. einensis mova et in

seul seeds romped ty thew of
Feat

Tawra avers lone rail in len very ow al
rpresiotsle g., MM ‘adharg shan in Ching
(Civ et a, 200 Ton ota, 2011). Heseven, 1
bs ao

rt cleur whether iter liermge dnxzeates the
wexaloss Fey iP.
‘alias, me ave tha 2

orate 0 cs I

va uh he Tet
Crop af chins was damagal by sad sop.
dnd ealsoqvenly this leo rey uit at el
ela, Thos. fate metas use to col thi
Desa pate abool lw I cmon Ore
Sele insect eels cultivators Pcie
fulivars eam otecly wind wae mage Fang
2K9 3 Anothor erin acl is sila
tall sas insted Frits for 24 coment
fruity woos. bt this if erevmanig ate
cots. In nls spraying pies one rods
to tage othe pf alll rorya
“ie bs ity wnt be pretend soca
chinensis woos are mtiely igh (3— 10-1} ae
aro Lavon ily CL i al. 20085 Wag ae
2008; Ws et of, “AY, Mowoiner, biloxi
conte including tural nie, 305 lire
and Lectern. vitay ae lyn stale We
Cider. "These is nn ifioatior sili fa
Smelt gata ning of tle eel wane bt
fgaveral nine eas each a spiny dats ae
fori (Cl el Nin, 20 of, 20087
4.3 Conclusten

Iie gavelision, aie study shoal th otk
series at inset lee ets reco Fail il

Sickle uP. ohiaensie. Thigh P. chasis podvaes
High oil trite align cng a ting

plants, eaghittior af thie hing trem on
fouremercial sale tet sive cbullryes, Yow
enledge ff beth iatinic eed einai ngtrs
costing hve rsh et aa iy ie Hh

Vil! ia ig woes and soe boss oil be
cosa Te da
in the Fit,

ping the nanometre

ACENONT FHGRMRNTS. We esd TU fn Gh
Je wa, LU Unger al na i Sata Foo
Tao Serica wad Dea Be yr il pe

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