Effects of Salt and Trace Minerals for Bituminous Pavement: Literature Review, Information Gathering, and Research Plan Development : Interim Report

58 Pages·1995·1.8 MB·English

by  Pittenger, Robert Allan

SCHOOL OF
ENGINEERING
CIVIL
INDIANA
DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION
JOINT HIGHWAY RESEARCH PROJECT
FHWA/IN/JHRP-95/2
!
Interim Report
EFFECTS OF SALT AND TRACEMINERALS
FOR BITUMINOUS PAVEMENTSLITERATURE
i
REVIEW,INFORMATION GATHERINGAND
RESEARCHPLAN DEVELOPMENT
Robert Pittenger and TerryR. West
%
e
l*
PURDUE
UNIVERSITY

JOINT HIGHWAY RESEARCH PROJECT
FHWA/IN/JHRP-95/2
Interim Report
EFFECTS OF SALTAND TRACEMINERALS
FOR BITUMINOUS PAVEMENTSLITERATURE
REVIEW,INFORMATION GATHERINGAND
RESEARCHPLAN DEVELOPMENT
Robert Pittenger and TerryR. West
Digitized by the Internet Archive
in 2011 with funding from
LYRASIS members and Sloan Foundation; Indiana Department of Transportation
http://www.archive.org/details/effectsofsalttraOOpitt
TECHNICALREPORTSTANDARDTITLEPAGE
1. ReportNo. J. GovernmentAccessionNo. 2.Recipient'sCatalogNo.
FHWA/LN/JHRP-95/2
4.TitleandSubtitle 5. ReportDate
EffectsofSaltandTraceMineralsforBituminousPavementsLiteratureReview,
InformauonGatheringandResearchPlanDevelopment 6. PerformingOrganizationCode
7.Authons) 8. PerformingOrganization ReportNo.
RobertPittengerandTerryR. West
JHRP-95/2
9. PerformingOrganizationNameandAddress 10.WorkUnitNo.
DepartmentofEarthandAtmospheric Sciences
PurdueUniversity 11. ContractorGrantNo.
WestLafavette, IN47907
12. SponsoringAgencyNameandAddress 13. TypeofReportandPeriodCovered
IndianaDepartmentofTransportation
InterimReport
State OfficeBuilding
1/1/95-6/13/95
00 North SenateAvenue
1
Indianapolis, IN46204 14. SponsoringAgencyCode
15. SupplementaryNotes
Prepared incooperationwiththe IndianaDepartmentofHighways andFederalHighwayAdministration.
16. Abstract
A review ofcurrent literature on the effects ofdeicing saltand trace minerals, such as sulfate, on aggregate deteri
oration was conducted. Such deterioration in both portland cementconcrete, and bituminous pavements was reviewed. For
Portland cementconcrete, it was determined that current research on the effects ofmoisture and deicing salt on aggregates
was relatively limited. Most research on deicing salt on concrete focused on chloride permeability, concrete additives, and
concrete matrix durability, with little discussion on the effects on aggregates. The effects of trace minerals in deicing salt
are also rarely discussed. Pore size distribution, insoluble residue, absorption, and susceptibility to alkali-silica reaction all
appear to affectaggregate durability in thepresenceofmoisture orfreeze-thaw. Basedon availableresearch, it is concluded
that salt in solution exacerbates the damaging effects of moisture and freeze-thaw on aggregates. Several researchers
currently are evaluating otherfeatures ofaggregatedeteriorationby deicing salts.
Moisture damage effects on aggregates in bituminous pavements have been widely studied. Damage potential is
strongly related to the susceptibility ofstripping ofthe bituminous covering from the aggregate surface. Research has been
conducted on the use of various additives to reduce stripping, some of which consist of proprietary commercial formula-
tions. There is also extensive research on testing procedures which predict stripping potential ofaggregates. However, the
added effectofdeicing salthas received relatively little attention. Some researchers have speculated that deicing salts may
increase the brittleness ofasphalt pavements thereby increasing susceptibility to moisture. Determining specific effects of
deicing salts on aggregate may prove difficult because of the numerous properties that effect the stripping potential of
aggre-gates for bituminous pavements. Mixture type, placement techniques and traffic, as well as aggregate properties,
appear tobe related to abituminous pavement's susceptibility tomoisture damage.
17. Keywords 18. DistributionStatement
deicing salt Norestrictions. Thisdocumentis availableto thepublic
aggregate deterioration through theNationalTechnical InformauonService, Springfield,
moisture damage VA22161.
19. SecurityClassic(ofthisreport) 20. SecurityClasiif.(ofthispage) :i.No.of Pages S. Price
Unclassified Unclassified 47
Form DOT F 1700.7 (8-69)
INTERIM REPORT
EFFECTS OF SALT AND TRACE MINERALS FOR BITUMINOUS PAVEMENTS
LriERATURE REVIEW, INFORMATION GATHERING AND
RESEARCH PLAN DEVELOPMENT
Robert Pittenger
and
Terry R. West
Purdue University
Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences
Joint Highway Research Project
Project No: C-36-6QQ
File No: 2-4-42
Conducted in cooperation with the
Indiana Department of Transportation
and
Federal Highway Administration
The contents of this report reflect the views of the authors who are responsible for the facts
and the accuracy of the data presented herein. The contents do not necessarily reflect the
official views or policies of the Federal Highway Administration and the Indiana
Department ofTransportation. This report does not constitute a standard, specification or
regulation.
Purdue University
West Lafayette, IN 47907
June 13, 1995
EffectofSaltandTraceMineralsonAggregate
June 1995
Table of Contents
Page
Parti: Deicing Salt and Aggregate Deterioration in Portland Cement 3
1. Introduction 3
2. Effects ofDeicing Salt on Concrete 4
3. Aggregate and Deicing Salt Interaction 5
3.1 Freeze-ThawTesting in Combination with a Salt Solution 6
3.2 Physical-Chemical Relationships ofSalt Solutions and Aggregates 7
3.2.1 Pore Size Distribution 7
3.2.2 Absorption and Insoluble Residue 8
3.2.3 Alkali-Silica Reaction 9
3.2.4 Osmotic Pressure 10
3.2.5 Aggregate Chemistry 11
3.2.6 Additional Physical Effects 12
3.3 Trace Sulfate Compounds in Deicing Salt 13
4. Conclusions 13
Part References 15
I
Part II: Moisture Damageto Asphalt Pavement 17
1. Introduction 17
2. Stripping and Factors Influencing Moisture Damage 17
2.1 Asphalt-Aggregate Properties 18
2.2 Type ofMixture 19
2.3 Environmental Effects 19
2.4 Subsurface Pavement Drainage 20
3. Corrective Treatments 20
3.1 Surface Seals 20
3.2 Aggregate-Pre-Treatment 21
3.3 Additives 21
3.3.1 Chemical Additives 21
3.3.2 LimeAdditives 22
4. Testing for Moisture Damage Potential 23
5. Conclusions 24
6. Recommendations 25
Part II References 26
Descriptions ofRelevantArticles for Part 28
I
Additional Articles Reviewed for Part 34
I
Descriptions ofRelevantArticles for Part II 41
Page2
EffectofSaltandTraceMineralsonAggregate
June 1995
Parti
Deicing Salt and Aggregate Deterioration in Portland Cement Concrete
INTRODUCTION
1.
Atthe requestofthe IndianaDepartment ofTransportation (INDOT), the Purdue University
DepartmentofEarthand Atmospheric Sciences hasconducted a literature reviewon the effects of
deicing saltandtrace minerals on aggregates.
This investigation is promptedby early deteriorationofbituminouspavements in Indiana,
madewith slag, slag-dolomite, anddolomiteaggregates, particularly on 1-65 near Indianapoliswhere
rapid deterioration was observedfollowing thefirstapplication ofdeicing salt.
Only a limitedamount ofresearch on degradation ofaggregateby deicing salts hasbeen
conducted. The research thatdoes existfrequentlyfocuses on different aspects andcauses of
aggregate deterioration, ordifferentways topredictaggregatebehavior. There are several variables,
some interdependent, that affect howaggregates respondunderfreeze-thawconditions with deicing
salts. Thesevariables include pore size distribution, amount andtype ofargillaceous material, and
aggregate chemistry andcomposition.
Articles reviewed forthis study are listed in Table 1 basedon the topics discussed. Because
muchofthe research is recentand limited in scope, someconclusions haveyet tobe corroboratedby
additional studies. This is especially important in areasofaggregate researchbecause a study is
frequently limitedto aggregatefrom a specific area, orofaspecific rocktype, and the information
can notbedirectly applied tootheraggregates or regions. Much ofthe research reviewed here
focusedboth on laboratory investigations aswell as case studies.
Thevast majorityofresearch relating to pavementdegradation in thepresence ofdeicing
saltfocuses on the deterioration ofportJandcement concrete (PCC) and the corrosion ofsteel
reinforcement structures. This research is motivated in partby theeconomics ofsalt's deterioration
andcorrosion ofbridge decks, which are costly to replaceand are more susceptible to freezing.
Bridge maintenance can alsobe moredisruptive to trafficflow.
A second areaofsignificant research, indirectly related to this study is the development of
alternativedeicing mixes that are not as corrosive ordestructiveas the commonly usedNaCl and
CaCl.
Determination ofthecausesofaggregate deterioration in the presence ofdeicing salt is an
important areaofresearch. Howeverthe developmentoflaboratory test procedures to determine
sample response tofreeze-thaw in the presenceofdeicing salt, and thecorrelation ofthe test tofield
performance, has also been investigated. Logically, the best method topredict aggregate performance
Page3
EffectofSaltandTraceMineralsonAggregate
June 1995
wouldbe atestthat simulates theenvironmentto which the aggregate isexposed. Frequently
mentioned isfreeze-thawtesting in conjunctionwith immersion in a salt solution. Development of
suchareliable testing procedure has the addedbenefit that it is independentofthe specific cause of
aggregate deterioration.
Most researchfocuses on thedetermination ofcausesforaggregate deterioration, with abrief
consideration oftestdevelopment specific to deicing saltperformance. Therefore no detailed
correlation ofthe testwith aggregate performance is provided. The mostdetailed correlation of
aggregate field performanceand laboratory tests is providedby Shakoor(1982), whose results are
summarized in Table 2.
Offinal interest, but not atopic ofextensive research isthe effectoftrace sulfate compounds
in thedeicing salt on the pavement and aggregate. Only two referencesdiscussed this problem, and
both concludedthat sulfate isasignificantcontributingfactorto the degradation ofpavement (either
aggregate orPCC) in the presence ofdeicing salt.
EFFECTS OF DEICING SALT ON CONCRETE
2.
Although not the primary focusofthis literature review, abriefconsideration ofthe current
research on the effect ofdeicing salt on PCC is warranted. This providesbackground to a discussion
ofthe effects ofsalt on aggregate andbituminous pavements.
A majordetrimental effect that deicingsalt has on concrete structures is the corrosion of
steel reinforcement. As steel corrodes, itexpands involume up to six times causing internal stresses
thatexceed the strength ofthe concrete (Campbell andDetwiler, 1993). To minimize steel corrosion,
much attention hasbeen given to reducing the chloride permeability ofconcrete. Lowpermeability
concrete minimizes migration ofthe chloride ions to the steel. Research in this area focuseson
special mixtures ofconcrete that may includefly-ash, or silicafume, ordifferent methods ofcuring.
Holland (1987) determined that the use ofsilica fume helpedto reduce steel corrosion because the
silicafume plugged internal pores, reducingchloride permeability.
In manycases of damage toconcrete causedby steel corrosion and expansion, itwas
determined thatthe steel was too close to the surfaceofthe concrete. It hasbeen speculatedby some
thatthe cause ofcorrosion was too thinofa layerofconcrete overthe steel reinforcements. Miller,
Krouskop, Minkarah, and Bodocsi (1993) showed that chloridewasable to penetrate and corrode to
four inches, deeperthan was previously thought. Small fractures and cracksalso provided chloride
migration pathways to the steel reinforcements.
Although moreoften a problem with matrix ratherthan aggregate, scaling ofPCC matrix is
anothercommon result ofdeicing salt. Water-cement ratio, amount ofair-entrainment, airvoid
spacingfactor, and addition ofadmixtures such as fly-ash or silicafume are all factors thataffect the
Page4
Table 1. Topics Referenced
in Articles
c
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Author Oate
MarksandDubberke 1995 3 X X X X X X X X X
DubberkeandMarks 1987 3 X X X X X
Hudec 1987 3 X X X X X X
Shakoor 1982 3 X X X X X X X X X
HoebedaandJacobson 1981 3 X X X X
Hudec 1978a 3 X X X X X X
Hudec 1978b 3 X X X X X X
HudecandRigby 1976 3 X X X X
Kallas 1963 3 X X
PittandCarnazzo 1992 2 X X X X X
Crumptonetal. 1989 2 X X X
Pittetal. 1988 2 X X X
Dubberkeand Marks 1985 2 X X X X X
Salcedo 1984 2 X X X X X X X X
Kaneuji,Winslow,andDolch 1980 2 X X X X X
DunnandHudec 1972 2 X X X
Bilodeauetal. 1994 X X X
TnanoandFrantz 1992 X X
Zimbleman 1989 X X X
Anon 1987 X
Gillott 1978 X X X X
AitcinandLaplante 1990 X X X X
Anon 1989b X X
Anon 1989a X X X
Anon 1987 X X X
Callahan 1989 X X X
CampbellandDetwiler 1993 X X X
DagherandKulendran 1992 X X X
FansomandCohen 1991 X X X
Foy,PigeonandBanthia 1988 X X X X
Gjorv,Tan,andMonteiro 1994 X X X
Gneb,Werner,andWoolf 1962 X X X X
Holland 1987 X X X X
Lessardetal 1982 X X X
Milleretal. 1993 X X X
Mogawer, Stuart,andLee 1989 X X X
Nadezhdinetal 1989 X X X
O'ConnorandSaiidi 1993 X X X X
OkkenhaugandGjorv 1992 X X X
Palmer 1987 X
Pigeon,Aitcin,andLaplante 1987 X X X
Reagan 1992 X
SarkarandAitcin 1991 X X X X
Virmani 1991 X X X
WhitingandDziedzic 1989 X X X X
Ratings 3 Highlyrelevanttoproposedstudy
2 Portionsarerelevanttotheproposedstudy
1 Portionsmaybeindirectlyrelatedtotheproposedstudy
Notrelevanttotheproposedstudy
4/3/95
INDOTXLS 2:37 PM