Effects of military training on aerobic fitness, serum hormones, oxidative stress and energy balance PDF
Preview Effects of military training on aerobic fitness, serum hormones, oxidative stress and energy balance
STUDIES IN SPORT, PHYSICAL EDUCATION AND HEALTH 187 Minna TJeannnsik Kanuelnmala Effects of Military Training on Aerobic Fitness, Serum Hormones, Oxidative Stress and Energy Balance, with Special Reference to Overreaching STUDIES IN SPORT, PHYSICAL EDUCATION AND HEALTH 187 Minna Tanskanen Effects of Military Training on Aerobic Fitness, Serum Hormones, Oxidative Stress and Energy Balance, with Special Reference to Overreaching Esitetään Jyväskylän yliopiston liikuntatieteellisen tiedekunnan suostumuksella julkisesti tarkastettavaksi Sokos Hotelli Vuokatin auditoriossa joulukuun 3. päivänä 2012 kello 13. Academic dissertation to be publicly discussed, by permission of the Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences of the University of Jyväskylä, in the auditorium of Sokos Hotel Vuokatti, on December 3, 2012 at 1 p.m. UNIVERSITY OF JYVÄSKYLÄ JYVÄSKYLÄ 2012 Effects of Military Training on Aerobic Fitness, Serum Hormones, Oxidative Stress and Energy Balance, with Special Reference to Overreaching STUDIES IN SPORT, PHYSICAL EDUCATION AND HEALTH 187 Minna Tanskanen Effects of Military Training on Aerobic Fitness, Serum Hormones, Oxidative Stress and Energy Balance, with Special Reference to Overreaching UNIVERSITY OF JYVÄSKYLÄ JYVÄSKYLÄ 2012 Editors Taija Juutinen Department of Biology of Physical Activity, University of Jyväskylä Pekka Olsbo, Sini Tuikka Publishing Unit, University Library of Jyväskylä Cover picture: Achilles heel, Mari Rantakare, 1998 URN:ISBN:978-951-39-4961-7 ISBN 978-951-39-4961-7 (PDF) ISBN 978-951-39-4960-0 (nid.) ISSN 0356-1070 Copyright © 2 0 1 2 , by University of Jyväskylä Jyväskylä University Printing House, Jyväskylä 2012 ABSTRACT Tanskanen, Minna Effects of military training on aerobic fitness, serum hormones, oxidative stress and energy balance, with special reference to overreaching Jyväskylä: University of Jyväskylä, 2012, 110 p. (Studies in Sport, Physical Education and Health ISSN 0356-1070; 187) ISBN 978-951-39-4960-0 (nid.) ISBN 978-951-39-4961-7 (PDF) In Finnish compulsory military service, all conscripts have to perform the same physical training program. This may cause some conscripts to exceed their ca- pacity to tolerate the physical load imposed and hence contribute to overreach- ing (OR) in a multi-stressor military environment. Therefore, this study evalu- ated the training load of an 8-week Finnish military basic training (BT) period during wintertime and the incidence of OR. A further aim was to investigate the associations between physical fitness, energy balance, fatness, mood state and training load during BT and during an 8-day intensive training course (TC) with easy-to-use energy supplementation. The results showed that the physical training load ((cid:149) 4 MET) of BT is two hours per day with a half hour rest, such as a daily nap ((cid:148) 1.0 MET), and is comparable to values found in persons performing strenuous work or daily competitive athletic training. During the first 4 weeks of BT, positive training responses as indicated by improved aerobic fitness and decreased oxidative stress, were observed. In the second half of BT, increased somatic symptoms of OR and several physiological and biochemical markers indicated that the train- ing load was not well tolerated by all the conscripts, 33% of whom were classi- fied as OR. OR subjects did not have increased fat mass or lower fitness before BT. Instead they showed increased oxidative stress and concentration of serum sex hormone binding globuline at rest. During BT, the OR subjects had higher physical activity than the noOR subjects. Moreover, the results confirm that markers of oxidative stress, serum cortisol, testosterone/cortisol -ratio at rest and maximal lactate/RPE -ratio could be useful tools for monitoring whether military training is too stressful. Of the three factors of energy balance, fitness and fatness, fatness limited the most high-level training while fitness protected from sick leave. TC did not have an adverse effect on physical performance. Although energy supplementation improved positive mood state, it did not prevent energy deficit or influence physical activity or performance. However, negative mood state affected energy intake already before TC. In conclusion, this thesis provides new evidence of the vulnerability of the conscripts to OR and supports the promotion of optimal energy intake to en- hance performance during a strenuous military training period. Keywords: training monitoring, physical activity, biochemistry, aerobic ca- pacity, energy balance, exercise testing, military, male, young adult Author’s address Minna Tanskanen Department of Biology of Physical Activity University of Jyväskylä Kidekuja 2 88610 Vuokatti, Finland Email: [email protected] Supervisors Professor Heikki Kyröläinen, PhD Department of Biology of Physical Activity University of Jyväskylä Jyväskylä, Finland Professor Keijo Häkkinen, PhD Department of Biology of Physical Activity University of Jyväskylä Jyväskylä, Finland Adjunct Professor Arja Uusitalo, MD Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine Helsinki University Hospital Helsinki, Finland Adjunct Professor Mustafa Atalay, MD Institute of Biomedicine, Physiology University of Eastern Finland Kuopio, Finland Reviewers Professor Andrew Fry, PhD, FASCM Health, Sport and Exercise Sciences University of Kansas Lawrence, Kansas, USA Dr. John Castellani, PhD, FACSM Thermal and Mountain Medicine, USARIEM Natick, MA, USA Opponent Professor Anthony Hackney, PhD, DSc Exercise & Sport Science University of North Carolina Chapel Hill, NC, USA ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This study was carried out in the Department of Biology of Physical Activity, University of Jyväskylä in collaboration with the Finnish Defence Forces and Kainuu Brigade. I was honored to have four supervisors from different fields and an opportunity to work with many people who have contributed to my PhD studies and to whom I wish to express my deepest gratitude. First of all, I would like to thank Prof. Vesa Linnamo for offering me an opportunity to work in the Sport Technology program in Vuokatti. This further gave me an opportunity carry out my desire to undertake PhD studies. Thank you for always being supportive and trusting the choices I have made. My warmest gratitude I owe to my principle supervisor Prof. Heikki Kyröläinen, who actually made it possible for me to implement the studies in the Kainuu Brigade. Heikki said “Yes” to my question “Can I do it through co- operation with a military unit?” so this thesis got started. Thank you, Heikki, for always being ready to help when I needed good advice and encouragement. I have been honored to work with my other supervisor Prof. Keijo Häk- kinen, the head of the Department of Biology of Physical Activity. Without him, this PhD thesis would not have been possible. During these years he guided me with the greatest professionalism. Thank you, Keijo, for your support at the most difficult moments. I was privileged to have Docent, Arja Uusitalo, MD, from the Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, Helsinki University Hospital and Docent, Mustafa Atalay, MD, Institute of Biomedicine, Physiology, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio as my supervisors. First, together with Arja and Mustafa, I drew up a research plan to a piece of paper. Although we did not meet vary often, our great conversations on the phone, network meetings and your excellent comments and constructive criticism on manuscripts taught me a lot. It’s because the both of you that, I can say with a pride that I am a research- er. I am grateful to the referees of my thesis, Professor Andrew Fry, PhD, FASCM, and Professor John Castellani, PhD, FASCM for their thorough review and kind comments. I also thank Professor Anthony Hackney, PhD, who kindly agreed to stand as my honorable opponent. I gratefully acknowledge all my assistants, the conscripts who participated in these studies and the staff of the Brigade of Kajaani, especially Captain Juha Toivo for advising and helping me understand military routines. I express my special thanks to Mr. Risto Puurtinen, Mrs. Kaisu Rikula and Ms. Taija Vaarala for their technical assistance in the blood analysis and Ms. Elina Kokkonen, Ms. Anna-Maria Nikula and Ms. Essi Manninen for their assistance in the statistical analysis and Ms. Niina Sippola for excellent workmanship. I thank my English proof reader, Dr. Michael Freeman and my colleagues in Vuokatti for support and our department staff members for their kindness and help. I was very fortunate in collaborating with Prof. Klaas Westerterp from the University of Maastrich, a leading scientist in the field of energy balance. Thank you for your kind support and excellent comments, which have expanded my thoughts on exercise physiology and energy metabolism. I also wish to express my gratitude to my co-authors from Polar Electro Ltd. at Kempele, Hannu Kinnunen and Juuso Nissilä, for great ideas and espe- cially to Hannu for providing great expertise in analyzing the data and sharing thoughts about research. I heartily thank my family and friends. My parents have taught me that by hard work and believing to yourself you can achieve your dreams. My friends thank you for reminding me about the life outside the work and re- search. Finally, I express my deepest gratitude to my husband Jaakko and to my two wonderful sons Joonas and Topias. You are the breath of my life and have brought the joy into my life. Thank you for your support and understanding during these studies. This study was supported by grants from the Finnish Ministry of Educa- tion, Finnish Cultural Foundation, Polar Electro Oy and the Scientific Advisory Board for Defence. Vuokatti 9.11.2012 Minna Tanskanen ABBREVIATIONS AEE activity energy expenditure AEE·kg-1 activity energy expenditure related to body mass BMI body mass index BT 8-week basic training CHO carbohydrate DLW doubly labelled water DIT diet-induced thermogenesis EE energy expenditure EI energy intake GSSG oxidized glutathione HR heart rate IGF-1 insulin-like growth factor La blood lactate MET metabolic equivalents MVPA moderate to vigorous physical activity, (cid:149) 4 MET OR overreaching ORAC oxygen radical absorbance capacity OTS overtraining syndrome PA physical activity PAL physical activity level RER respiratory exchange ratio RNS reactive nitrogen species RPE rating of perceived exertion ROS reactive oxygen species VLPA very light to light activity, 1.0-3.9 MET TGSH total glutathione TC 8-day training course T/C –ratio testosterone/cortisol ratio URTI upper respiratory tract infection VO max maximal oxygen uptake 2
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