Effects of low crude-protein diets fortified with crystalline amino acids on growth performance and PDF
Preview Effects of low crude-protein diets fortified with crystalline amino acids on growth performance and
Iowa State University Capstones, Theses and Retrospective Theses and Dissertations Dissertations 2001 Effects of low crude-protein diets fortified with crystalline amino acids on growth performance and nitrogen retention of broiler chicks Kristjan Bregendahl Iowa State University Follow this and additional works at:https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/rtd Part of theAgriculture Commons, and theAnimal Sciences Commons Recommended Citation Bregendahl, Kristjan, "Effects of low crude-protein diets fortified with crystalline amino acids on growth performance and nitrogen retention of broiler chicks " (2001).Retrospective Theses and Dissertations. 414. https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/rtd/414 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Iowa State University Capstones, Theses and Dissertations at Iowa State University Digital Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Retrospective Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Iowa State University Digital Repository. For more information, please [email protected]. INFORMATION TO USERS This manuscript has been reproduced from the microfilm master. UMI films the text directly from the original or copy submitted. Thus, some thesis and dissertation copies are in typewriter face, while others may be from any typeo f computer printer. The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. Broken or indistinct print, colored or poor quality illustrations and photographs, print bleedthrough, substandard margins, and improper alignment can adversely affect reproduction. In the unlikely event that the author did not send UMI a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if unauthorized copyright material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. Oversize materials (e.g., maps, drawings, charts) are reproduced by sectioning the original, beginning at the upper left-hand corner and continuing from left to right in equal sections with small overlaps. Photographs included in the original manuscript have been reproduced xerographically in this copy. Higher quality 6" x 9° black and white photographic prints are available for any photographs or illustrations appearing in this copy for an additional charge. Contact UMI directly to order. Bell & Howell Information and Learning 300 North Zeeb Road, Ann Arbor, Ml 48106-1346 USA 800-521-0600 Effects of low crude-protein diets fortified with crystalline amino acids on growth performance and nitrogen retention of broiler chicks by Kristjan Bregendahl A dissertation submitted to the graduate faculty in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY Major: Animal Nutrition Major Professor: Dean R. Zimmerman Iowa State University Ames, Iowa 2001 UMI Number: 3003228 ® UMI UMI Microform 3003228 Copyright 2001 by Bell & Howell Information and Learning Company. All rights reserved. This microform edition is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code. Bell & Howell Information and Learning Company 300 North Zeeb Road P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 48106-1346 ii Graduate College Iowa State University This is to certify that the Doctoral Dissertation of Kristjan Bregendahl has met the dissertation requirements of Iowa State University Signature was redacted for privacy. 6m ttee MerifEer Signature was redacted for privacy. Signature was redacted for privacy. Signature was redacted for privacy. Committee Member Signature was redacted for privacy. MaiafProfessor Signature was redacted for privacy. Signature was redacted for privacy. F r the Graduate College iii To my grandparents, Esther and Poul Norgaard, who taught me the importance of all things in nature, inspiring me to pursue a life in science. iv TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS v ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS vii ABSTRACT viii LITERATURE REVIEW 1 Introduction 1 Net energy 3 Minimum dietary crude protein levels and nonessential amino acids 5 Essential amino acids 9 Dietary electrolyte balance 11 Glutamine, asparagine, and polyamines 13 Intact protein, peptides, and free amino acids 17 Bioavailability and biological value 21 OBJECTIVE OF THE DISSERTATION RESEARCH 23 MATERIALS AND METHODS 27 Material and methods common to all four experiments 27 Diet formulation 28 Whole-body homogenizing and sampling 29 Whole-body composition, nitrogen retention, nitrogen utilization, and nitrogen excretion 29 Mortality 30 Experiment 1 31 Diets 31 Statistical analysis 33 Experiment 2 33 Diets 35 Statistical analysis 37 Experiment 3 37 Statistical analysis 42 Experiment 4 42 Statistical analysis 44 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 47 Experiment 1 47 Experiment 2 54 Experiment 3 58 Experiment 4 65 General discussion 70 Dietary amino acid concentrations 71 Growth factors in intact-protein sources 72 Net energy 73 Intact protein versus free amino acids 78 Energetic cost of amino acid absorption 81 Conclusion and implications 82 APPENDIX 84 LITERATURE CITED 88 V LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ADFI Average daily feed intake ADG Average daily gain ANOVA Analysis of variance AOAC Association of Official Analytical Chemists Asn Asparagine ATP Adenosine triphosphate BV Biological value BW Body weight cAA Crystalline amino acids CI Chloride CP Crude protein CP CP KAAI T.,,.,, Ratio of crude protein from essential amino acids to total crude protein d Day dEB Dietary electrolyte balance DFMO Difluoromethylornithine DM Dry matter DNA Deoxyribonucleic acid EAA Essential amino acid G:F Gain-to-teed ratio; feed utilization Gin Glutamine h Hour H Hydrogen K Potassium vi kcal Kilocalories L Linear contrast LSD Least significant difference Meal Megacalories ME Metabolizable energy ME,, Nitrogen-corrected metabolizable energy Min Minute m M Millimolar N Nitrogen Na Sodium NE Net energy NEAA Nonessential amino acid NRC National Research Council ODC Ornithine decarboxylase P Probability PER Protein efficiency ratio RNA Ribonucleic acid Q Quadratic contrast SAM S-Adenosinemethionine SBM Soybean meal SE Standard error TAC Triammonium citrate TCA cycle Tricarboxylic acid or Krebs cycle V . Maximal rate M1X vs Versus \vk Week
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