Effects of Fishing on Marine Ecosystems and Communities (Fish and Aquatic Resources) PDF
Preview Effects of Fishing on Marine Ecosystems and Communities (Fish and Aquatic Resources)
cover next page > title : The Effects of Fisheries On Marine Ecosystems and Communities author : Hall, Stephen J. publisher : Blackwell Publishing Ltd. isbn10 | asin : print isbn13 : 9780632041121 ebook isbn13 : 9780632062881 language : English subject Fisheries--Environmental aspects, Marine ecology, Fish communities. publication date : 1998 lcc : QH545.F33H35 1998eb ddc : 577.7/27 subject : Fisheries--Environmental aspects, Marine ecology, Fish communities. cover next page > < previous page page_iii next page > Page iii The Effects of Fishing on Marine Ecosystems and Communities Stephen J. Hall Professor of Marine Biology The Flinders University of South Australia < previous page page_iii next page > < previous page page_iv next page > Page iv © 1999 by Blackwell Science Ltd Editorial Offices: Osney Mead, Oxford OX2 0EL 25 John Street, London WC1N 2BL 23 Ainslie Place, Edinburgh EH3 6AJ 350 Main Street, Malden MA 02148 5018, USA 54 University Street, Carlton Victoria 3053, Australia 10, rue Casimir Delavigne 75006 Paris, France Other Editorial Offices: Blackwell Wissenschafts-Verlag GmbH Kurfürstendamm 57 10707 Berlin, Germany Blackwell Science KK MG Kodenmacho Building 710 Kodenmacho Nihombashi Chuo-ku, Tokyo 104, Japan The right of the Author to be identified as the Author of this Work has been asserted in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, except as permitted by the UK Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, without the prior permission of the copyright holder First published 1999 Set in 10/13pt Times by DP Photosetting, Aylesbury, Bucks Printed and bound in Great Britain by MPG Books Ltd, Bodmin, Cornwall The Blackwell Science logo is a trade mark of Blackwell Science Ltd, registered at the United Kingdom Trade Marks Registry DISTRIBUTORS Marston Book Services Ltd PO Box 269 Abingdon Oxon OX14 4YN (Orders: Tel: 01235 465500 Fax: 01235 465555) USA Blackwell Science, Inc. Commerce Place 350 Main Street Malden, MA 02148 5018 (Orders: Tel: 800 759 6102 781 388 8250 Fax: 781 388 8255) Canada Login Brothers Book Company 324 Saulteaux Crescent Winnipeg, Manitoba R3J 3T2 (Orders: Tel: 204 837 2987 Fax: 204 837 3116) Australia Blackwell Science Pty Ltd 54 University Street Carlton, Victoria 3053 (Orders: Tel: 03 9347 0300 Fax: 02 9347 5001) A catalogue record for this title is available from the British Library ISBN 0-632-04112-9 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Hall, Stephen, J. The effects of fisheries on ecosystems and communities/Stephen J. Hall. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 0-632-04112-9 1. Fisheries Environmental aspects. 2.Marine ecology. 3. Fish communities. I.Title. QH545.F33H35 1998 577.7'27 dc21 98-28325 CIP < previous page page_iv next page > < previous page page_v next page > Page v To Lynda, Patrick and Daniel for making me keep a healthy balance between work and play < previous page page_v next page > < previous page page_vii next page > Page vii CONTENTS Series Foreword xiii Preface xv Acknowledgements xxi Part 1 Direct Effects on Populations 1 3 Trends in World Fisheries and the Essence of the Problem 3 1.1 A Brief History 5 1.2 The Current Status of World Fisheries 7 1.3 The Essence of the Fisheries Management Problem 9 1.4 Biological Objectives for Fisheries 11 Why is it so Difficult to Achieve the Biological Objectives? 11 1.5 Economic and Social Objectives 14 1.6 A Changing Emphasis 2 16 By-Catch and Discards 16 2.1 Overall Levels of by-Catch and Discards 16 Definition of Terms 16 Finfish and Shellfish 21 Sharks 22 Marine Mammals 25 Turtles 27 Seabirds 33 Benthic Scavengers 34 2.2 Effects on Populations 35 Elasmobranchs 37 Marine Mammals 39 Turtles 41 Seabirds 45 Benthic Scavengers 45 2.3 Conclusions 3 48 Effects of Trawling and Dredging on the Seabed 49 3.1 Which Gears Cause the Problem? 49 3.2 Measuring Mortality Rates 53 3.3 Population Consequences 53 Estimating Vulnerability < previous page page_vii next page > < previous page page_viii next page > Page viii 55 Long-Term Trends 60 3.4 A Boom for Scavengers? 61 3.5 Comparative and Experimental Studies 62 Comparative Approaches 65 Experimental Approaches for Trawl Fisheries 65 Northern Europe 69 Australasia 74 Experimental Approaches for Shellfish Fisheries 79 3.6 Disturbance Effects in Context 82 The Fallacy of Natural Variation 83 3.7 Appropriate Measures of Fishing Effort: A Perennial Problem 87 3.8 Conclusions 88 What Did Benthic Systems Use to Look Like? 89 Habitat Modification and Fishery Yields 90 The Research Agenda 4 91 Fishing at the Coastal Margins 91 4.1 Rocky Shores 91 Human Trampling 93 Divers in the Rocky Sub-Tidal Areas 94 4.2 Tidal Flats 95 Shellfish Harvesting 99 Bait Digging 101 4.3 Coral Reefs 102 4.4 Conclusions 102 Rocky Shores 103 Tidal Flats 104 Coral Reefs Part 2 Species Interactions 5 111 The Responses of Predators, Prey and Competitors to the Removal of Target Species 111 5.1 Top-Down Control: The Effects on Prey of Removing Predators 111 Mackerel and Herring 113 Top-Down Control in the Baltic 116 Sharks in Natal 117 Responses in the Benthos 118 Predation and Trophic Cascades 125 Speculations on the Black Sea 126 5.2 Harvesting Lower in the Food Web: The Effects of Prey Removal 127 The Shetland Sandeel Debate 129 5.3 Species Replacements and Other Competitive Effects 129 Sardine and Anchovy < previous page page_viii next page >
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