Effects of Dietary Choline, Folic acid and Vitamin B

130 Pages·2017·1.01 MB·English

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Theses and Dissertations in Animal Science Animal Science Department
Fall 11-30-2010
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Pradeep Krishnan Rajalekshmy
University of Nebraska at Lincoln, [email protected]
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Krishnan Rajalekshmy, Pradeep, "Effects of Dietary Choline, Folic acid and Vitamin B12 on Laying Hen
Performance, Egg Components and Egg Phospholipid Composition" (2010). Theses and Dissertations in
Animal Science. 21.
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Effects of Dietary Choline, Folic acid and Vitamin B on Laying Hen
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Performance, Egg Components and Egg Phospholipid Composition
By
Pradeep Krishnan Rajalekshmy

A DISSERTATION
Presented to the Faculty of
The Graduate College at the University of Nebraska
In Partial Fulfillment of Requirements
For the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy

Major: Animal Science
Under the Supervision of Professor Sheila E. Scheideler

Lincoln, Nebraska
November, 2010
Effects of Dietary Choline, Folic acid and Vitamin B on Laying Hen Performance,
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Egg Components and Egg Phospholipid Composition
Pradeep Krishnan, Ph.D.
University of Nebraska, 2010
Advisor: Sheila E. Scheideler
In trial 1, a corn-soy basal diet was formulated with three levels of supplemental choline
(0, 500 and 1000 ppm) and three levels of supplemental folic acid (0, 2 and 4 ppm) in a 3 x 3
factorial arrangement. Folic acid at 2 ppm increased egg production (p≤0.04). Egg wt was
higher at 500 ppm of choline (p≤0.06) and 0 ppm (p≤0.01) of folic acid supplementation. There
were choline by folic acid interaction effects on feed intake (p≤0.001), albumen wt (p≤0.005)
and yolk wt (p≤0.03). Plasma folate and egg folate showed an increase (p≤0.0001) with added
levels of dietary folic acid. Phosphatidylcholine (PC) concentration showed a trend to increase
with higher levels of choline and folic acid supplementation. In trial 2, a corn-soy basal diet was
formulated with 2 levels supplemental choline (500 and 1000 ppm), 2 levels supplemental folic
acid (2 and 4 ppm), and 2 levels supplemental vitamin B (0.01 and 0.02 ppm) in a 2 x 2 x 2
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factorial arrangement along with a control (no supplementation) group. Yolk wt showed choline
x vitamin B interaction (p≤0.001). Phosphatidylcholine (PC) showed an increase (p≤0.0001)
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with added levels of choline, folic acid or vitamin B . The average value of PC at 500 and 1000
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ppm of choline was 152.61 and 164.53 mg/g, respectively. Similarly, the average values for PC
at 2 and 4 ppm of folic acid and 0.01 and 0.02 ppm of vitamin B were 153.06, 164.07, 155.68
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and 161.46 mg/g, respectively. Results indicate that choline, folic acid and vitamin B can be
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supplemented in a synergistic combination to increase egg yolk phosphatidylcholine content by
20 to 25 % compared to no supplementation.
Key words: Choline, Folic acid, Vitamin B Egg phosphatidylcholine
12,
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Dedication
This dissertation is dedicated to my wonderful family, who have raised me to be the person I
am today. Thank you for all the unconditional love, guidance, and support that you have always
given me, helping me to succeed. I also thank my family members in educating me that even the
greatest assignment can be accomplished if it is done one step at a time. Love you all.
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Acknowledgements
Though only my name come out on the front page of this dissertation, a great many people
have contributed to its preparation. I owe my gratitude to all those who have made this
dissertation possible and because of whom my graduate experience has been one that I will
treasure forever.
My deepest gratitude is to my advisor Dr Sheila E. Scheideler for her support and guidance
throughout my program of study and for believing in my abilities. I have learned so much, and
without you, this would not have been possible. Thank you so much for the opportunity and a
great learning experience.
I take this opportunity to thank Dr Mary M. Beck, for serving on my supervisory committee.
I am deeply grateful and am very much benefitted from your insight and guidance.
I would like to thank Dr Janos Zempleni, for serving on my supervisory committee. Thank
you for your continuous encouragement and guidance.
I would like to thank Dr Kathy Hanford, for serving on my supervisory committee and for
guiding me through the statistics part of my research.
I would like to thank Dr Judy A. Driskell, for serving on my supervisory committee and being
supportive even after her retirement.
I wish to express my sincere gratitude to Dr Susan Cuppett, David W. Giraud, Dr Ji-Young
Lee, Young-Ki Park for their support in carrying out my lab work.
I would like to extend a special thanks to Ruth Diedrichsen for her unconditional support and
guidance in the lab.
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I would like to thank Trish Weber, Lyle Robeson and John Toney for their continuous support
throughout my research.
I would like to thank all of my fellow graduate students Mo, Alia, Dana and Rashed for their
friendship and support. It has been quite an experience and you have all made it a memorable
time of my life.
I extend my thanks to all my friends for their support and care throughout the years.
I am also grateful to the former staff at University of Nebraska Lincoln, Minnie Stephens for
her various forms of support during my graduate study.
Most importantly, none of this would have been possible without the love and patience of
my family. My immediate family, to whom this dissertation is dedicated to, has been a constant
source of love, concern, support and strength all these years. I would like to express my heart-
felt gratitude to my family.
Lastly, I offer my regards and blessings to all of those who supported me in any respect
during the completion of the project.
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Table of Contents
1. Introduction and Literature Review ……………………………………………..1
A. Choline …………………………………………………………………...........1
1. History ……………………………………………………………...2
2. Choline functions………..…………………………………………3
2.1 Component of Plasma Membranes……..…………………4
2.2 Fat Metabolism...…………………………………………… 5
2.3 Nerve Impulse transmission ………………………………. 6
2.4 Methyl donor ……………………………………………. 6
2.4.1 Synthesis of Choline and Lecithin …………………. 6
2.4.2. Transmethylation…………………………………… 8
2.4.3 Synthesis of Methyl group ………………………….. 9
3. Degradation of choline………………………………………………10
4. Feed choline content…………………………………………………10
5. Dietary choline requirement on performance and egg quality……10
6. Egg choline…….………………………………………………………17
B. Folic acid…...……………………………………………………………………… 17
1. Folic acid functions………...…………………………………………18
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2. Dietary folic acid requirement………………………………………..19
3. Folic acid on performance and egg quality……………………………21
4. Egg folate……. ……………………………………………………….22
C. VITAMIN B …...……………………………………………………………….23
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1. Vitamin B functions…………………………………………….…...24
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2. Dietary vitamin B requirement …………...……………………….25
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3. Vitamin B on performance and egg quality………………...………27
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4. Vitamin B content of egg…………. ………………………………...28
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2. Trial 1. Effect of Dietary Choline and Folic acid on Laying Hen Performance, Egg
Folate and Egg Phospholipid Composition
A. Abstract ………………………………………………………………………………..29
B. Introduction ……………………………………………………………………………30
C. Material and Methods………………………………………………………………….32
D. Results and Discussion…..……………………………………………………………..38
E. Tables and Graphs……………………………………………………………………..46
3. Trial 2. Effect of Choline, Folic acid and Vitamin B on Egg Components and Egg
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Phospholipid Composition in Laying Hens
A. Abstract ………………………………………………………………………………...57
B. Introduction ……………………………………………………………………………58
C. Material and Methods…………………………………………………………………60
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D. Results and Discussion…..…………………………………………………………….67
E. Tables and Graphs…………………………………………………………………….75
Conclusion……………………………………………………………………………...91
Reference……………………………………………………………………………….94
Appendices……………………………………………………………………………...111
Appendix A. Gross Energy Determination……………………………………..111
Appendix B. Nitrogen Determination of feed…………………………………..113
Appendix C. Calcium Determination of feed…………………………………...115
Appendix D. Phosphorus Determination of feed……………………………….116