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EFFECTIVE AND SUSTAINABLE HYDRAULIC FRACTURING Edited by Andrew P. Bunger, John McLennan and Rob Jeffrey Effective and Sustainable Hydraulic Fracturing http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/45724 Edited by Andrew P. Bunger, John McLennan and Rob Jeffrey Contributors Mike Vincent, Xi Zhang, Rob Jeffrey, Safdar Abbas, Brice Lecampion, Xiaoxi Men, Chun'An Tang, Shanyong Wang, Y.P. Li, Tao Yang, Tianhui Ma, Norman Warpinski, Dimitry Chuprakov, Olga Yurievna Melchaeva, Romain Prioul, Alexander Linkov, Gennady Mishuris, Nikolai Weber, Bisheng Wu, Neda Zangeneh, Nima Gholizadeh Doonechaly, Sheik Rahman, Andrei Kotousov, Michael Molenda, Sebastian Brenne, Ferdinand Stoeckhert, Michael Alber, Sergey Turuntaev, Evgeny Zenchenko, Branko Damjanac, James Kear, Justine White, Andrew Bunger, Mir-Akbar Hessami, Mao Bai, Arturo Diaz, John Mclennan, Juan Reyna, Tsuey Cham, Peter Stone, Lucas W Bazan, Bruce R Meyer, Olga Kresse, Xiaowei Weng, Charles Cohen, Charles Fairhurst, Azadeh Riahi, Anthony Peirce, Emmanuel Detournay, Zuorong Chen, Christine Detournay, Dmitry Garagash, Sau-Wai Wong, Mikhail Geilikman, Guanshui Xu, Arcady Dyskin, Hyunil Jo, Robert Hurt, Yevhen Kovalyshen, Ian Walton, Jacob Bradford, Walter Glauser, Erfan Sarvaramini, Marte Gutierrez, Feng Gui, Neal Nagel, Fengshou Zhang, Marisela Sanchez-Nagel, Byungtark Lee, Xavier Garcia, Reinhard Jung, S. Sengupta, Arshad Islam, Antonin Settari, Reza Keshavarzi, Clem Rowe, Joel Adams, Arash Dahi Taleghani, Jon Olson, Mirko Van Der Baan, Peter K. Kaiser, Benoit Valley, Damien Duff, Maurice B. Dusseault, Varahanaresh Sesetty, Ahmad Ghassemi, Milind Deo, Farrokh Sheibani, Carl T. Montgomery, Barry Goldstein, G. Steyl Published by InTech Janeza Trdine 9, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia Copyright © 2013 InTech All chapters are Open Access distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 license, which allows users to download, copy and build upon published articles even for commercial purposes, as long as the author and publisher are properly credited, which ensures maximum dissemination and a wider impact of our publications. However, users who aim to disseminate and distribute copies of this book as a whole must not seek monetary compensation for such service (excluded InTech representatives and agreed collaborations). After this work has been published by InTech, authors have the right to republish it, in whole or part, in any publication of which they are the author, and to make other personal use of the work. Any republication, referencing or personal use of the work must explicitly identify the original source. Notice Statements and opinions expressed in the chapters are these of the individual contributors and not necessarily those of the editors or publisher. No responsibility is accepted for the accuracy of information contained in the published chapters. The publisher assumes no responsibility for any damage or injury to persons or property arising out of the use of any materials, instructions, methods or ideas contained in the book. Publishing Process Manager Oliver Kurelic Technical Editor InTech DTP team Cover InTech Design team First published May, 2013 Printed in Croatia A free online edition of this book is available at www.intechopen.com Additional hard copies can be obtained from [email protected] Effective and Sustainable Hydraulic Fracturing, Edited by Andrew P. Bunger, John McLennan and Rob Jeffrey p. cm. ISBN 978-953-51-1137-5 free online editions of InTech Books and Journals can be found at www.intechopen.com Contents Contents Preface XIII Section 1 Keynote Lectures 1 Chapter 1 HPFrryeadfcartauceuri lnXicgI I FIFrlaucidtus r e 3 Nucleation under Local Increase of Pore Pressure – Implications for Induced Seismicity Carl Montgomery Prof. Jim Rice Section 1 (Kleecytnuorete o Lnelyc)tures 1 Chapter 2 Fracturing Fluid Components 25 Chapter 1 CFraarcl tMuorinntgg oFmlueidrys 3 Carl Montgomery Chapter 3 Fractures and Fracturing: Hydraulic Fracturing in Chapter 2 JForaincttuedri nRgo cFklu i4d7 Components 25 CCharalr Mleso nFatgirohmuresrty CChhaapptteerr 43 FFirvaec tTuhreinsg asn Ydo Fur aDcitdunri’nt gW: aHnytd troa uKlnico Fwra acbtuoruint gH yindraulic FJoraincttuedre Rs o c8k1 47 VChinacrelenst FMai.r Ch.urst CChhaapptteerr 54 EFiGvSe —Th Ginogosd Yboyue Doird Bna’tc kW taon tth teo F Kuntuorwe a 9b5out Hydraulic RFreaincthuarreds J u 8n1g Vincent M. C. Chapter 6 Understanding Hydraulic Fracture Growth, Effectiveness, and Chapter 5 SEaGfSe t—y TGhoroodubgyhe M oric Broasceki stom tich eM Fountiutorer i n 9g5 123 NReoirnmh aRr.d W Juanrpginski CSehcatpiotenr 26 NUnatduerrasltlayn Fdraincgtu Hreydd rRaeusleicr vForaircst u1r e 1G3r7owth, Effectiveness, and Safety Through Microseismic Monitoring 123 Chapter 7 DNoevrmel oRp. Wmaernpti nosfk Firacture Networks Through Hydraulic Fracture Growth in Naturally Fractured Reservoirs 139 Section 2 XNia Zthuaranlgly a Fnrda cRtoubr eJedf fRreesyervoirs 1 137 Chapter 7 Development of Fracture Networks Through Hydraulic Fracture Growth in Naturally Fractured Reservoirs 139 Xi Zhang and Rob Jeffrey Contents VII Chapter 8 Hydraulic Fracture Propagation Across a Weak Discontinuity Controlled by Fluid Injection 157 Dimitry Chuprakov, Olga Melchaeva and Romain Prioul Chapter 9 Effect of Flow Rate and Viscosity on Complex Fracture Development in UFM Model 183 Olga Kresse, Xiaowei Weng, Dimitry Chuprakov, Romain Prioul and Charles Cohen Section 3 Regulations, Risks, and Communities 211 Chapter 10 Hydrochemical and Hydrogeological Impact of Hydraulic Fracturing in the Karoo, South Africa 213 G. Steyl and G. J. van Tonder Chapter 11 Regulatory Nirvana for Hydraulic Fracture Stimulation 239 Barry Goldstein, Michael Malavazos, Alexandra Wickham, Michael Jarosz, Dominic Pepicelli, Mieka Webb and Dale Wenham Chapter 12 How Can Understanding Community Concerns About Hydraulic Fracturing Help to Address Them? 257 S.T. Cham and P. Stone Section 4 Naturally Fractured Reservoirs 2 269 Chapter 13 Numerical Study of Interaction Between Hydraulic Fracture and Discrete Fracture Network 271 Azadeh Riahi and Branko Damjanac Chapter 14 Hydraulic Fracturing in Formations with Permeable Natural Fractures 287 Olga Kresse and Xiaowei Weng Chapter 15 Injection Modeling and Shear Failure Predictions in Tight Gas Sands — A Coupled Geomechanical Simulation Approach 311 Arshad Islam and Antonin Settari Chapter 16 The Role of Natural Fractures in Shale Gas Production 327 Ian Walton and John McLennan VIII Contents Section 5 Well Completions and Fracture Initiation 1 357 Chapter 17 Do Perforated Completions Have Value for Engineered Geothermal Systems 359 Walter Glauser, John McLennan and Ian Walton Chapter 18 Differentiating Applications of Hydraulic Fracturing 391 Joel Adams and Clem Rowe Chapter 19 Initiation and Breakdown of an Axisymmetric Hydraulic Fracture Transverse to a Horizontal Wellbore 401 Safdar Abbas and Brice Lecampion Chapter 20 Hydraulic and Sleeve Fracturing Laboratory Experiments on 6 Rock Types 425 Sebastian Brenne, Michael Molenda, Ferdinand Stöckhert and Michael Alber Section 6 Induced Seismicity and Slip 437 Chapter 21 Microseismic Monitoring Developments in Hydraulic Fracture Stimulation 439 Mirko van der Baan, David Eaton and Maurice Dusseault Chapter 22 Blue Shift in the Spectrum of Arrival Times of Acoustic Signals Emitted during Laboratory Hydraulic Fracturing 467 Arcady V. Dyskin, Elena Pasternak, Andrew P. Bunger and James Kear Chapter 23 A Numerical Investigation of Fault Slip Triggered by Hydraulic Fracturing 477 Neda Zangeneh, Erik Eberhardt, R. Marc Bustin and Amanda Bustin Section 7 Well Completions and Fracture Initiation 2 489 Chapter 24 Numerical Simulation of Hydraulic Fracturing in Heterogeneous Rock: The Effect of Perforation Angles and Bedding Plane on Hydraulic Fractures Evolutions 491 Xiaoxi Men, Chun’an Tang, Shanyong Wang, Yongping Li, Tao Yang and Tianhui Ma Contents IX Chapter 25 Quantitative Evaluation of Completion Techniques on Influencing Shale Fracture ‘Complexity’ 513 N. Nagel, F. Zhang, M. Sanchez-Nagel and B. Lee Section 8 Flow Paths and Flow Networks 547 Chapter 26 Modeling of Proppant Permeability and Inertial Factor for Fluid Flow Through Packed Columns 549 Bruce R. Meyer, Lucas W. Bazan and Doug Walls Chapter 27 A New Approach to Hydraulic Stimulation of Geothermal Reservoirs by Roughness Induced Fracture Opening 571 Nima Gholizadeh Doonechaly, Sheik S. Rahman and Andrei Kotousov Chapter 28 Fracture Network Connectivity — A Key To Hydraulic Fracturing Effectiveness and Microseismicity Generation 591 F. Zhang, N. Nagel, B. Lee and M. Sanchez-Nagel Section 9 Multiscale Modeling 605 Chapter 29 Fluid-Driven Fracture in a Poroelastic Rock 607 Yevhen Kovalyshen and Emmanuel Detournay Chapter 30 Pressurization of a PKN Fracture in a Permeable Rock During Injection of a Low Viscosity Fluid 629 Erfan Sarvaramini and Dmitry I. Garagash Chapter 31 Modified Formulation, ε-Regularization and the Efficient Solution of Hydraulic Fracture Problems 641 Alexander M. Linkov and Gennady Mishuris Section 10 Mulitiple Hydraulic Fracture Growth 659 Chapter 32 The Geomechanical Interaction of Multiple Hydraulic Fractures in Horizontal Wells 661 Sau-Wai Wong, Mikhail Geilikman and Guanshui Xu Chapter 33 Numerical Simulation of Sequential and Simultaneous Hydraulic Fracturing 679 Varahanaresh Sesetty and Ahmad Ghassemi X Contents Chapter 34 Three Dimensional Forms of Closely-Spaced Hydraulic Fractures 693 James Kear, Justine White, Andrew P. Bunger, Rob Jeffrey and Mir- Akbar Hessami Section 11 Numerical Modeling 1 709 Chapter 35 The XFEM with an Explicit-Implicit Crack Description for Hydraulic Fracture Problems 711 N. Weber, P. Siebert, K. Willbrand, M. Feinendegen, C. Clauser and T. P. Fries Chapter 36 An ABAQUS Implementation of the XFEM for Hydraulic Fracture Problems 725 Zuorong Chen Chapter 37 Stress Intensity Factor Determination for Three-Dimensional Crack Using the Displacement Discontinuity Method with Applications to Hydraulic Fracture Height Growth and Non- Planar Propagation Paths 741 Farrokh Sheibani and Jon Olson Section 12 Injection and Efficiency 771 Chapter 38 Secondary Fractures and Their Potential Impacts on Hydraulic Fractures Efficiency 773 Arash Dahi Taleghani, Milad Ahmadi and J.E. Olson Chapter 39 Importance of Fracture Closure to Cuttings Injection Efficiency 793 Mao Bai, Arturo Diaz, John McLennan and Juan Reyna Chapter 40 The Fate of Injected Water in Shale Formations 807 Hongtao Jia, John McLennan and Milind Deo Section 13 Numerical Modeling 2 817 Chapter 41 Three-Dimensional Numerical Model of Hydraulic Fracturing in Fractured Rock Masses 819 B. Damjanac, C. Detournay, P.A. Cundall and Varun