effect of mix and alone application of herbicides with and without surfactant on weeds in barley

131 Pages·2012·6.41 MB·English

EFFECT OF MIX AND ALONE APPLICATION
OF HERBICIDES WITH AND WITHOUT
SURFACTANT ON WEEDS IN BARLEY

Thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of
Master of Science (Agriculture)
in
Agronomy

Supervisor Submitted by
Prof. Ramesh Kumar Singh Twinkle Jena

DEPARTMENT OF AGRONOMY
INSTITUTE OF AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES
BANARAS HINDU UNIVERSITY
VARANASI - 221 005
INDIA

ID. No. A-14009 2016 Enrolment No. 367673
Prof. Ramesh Kumar Singh
Department of Agronomy
Institute of Agricultural Sciences
Banaras Hindu University

(Established by Parliament by notification No. 225 of 1916) Varanasi - 221 005
INDIA
Ref. No. ……………… Date………………
Certificate
To,
The Registrar (Academic)
Banaras Hindu University,
Varanasi-221005 (India).
Through: The Head, Department of Agronomy, Institute of Agricultural
Sciences, BHU, Varanasi.
Dear Sir,
I have great pleasure in forwarding the thesis entitled “Effect of mix and
alone application of herbicides with and without surfactant on weeds in barley”
submitted by Ms. Twinkle Jena, I.D. No. A-14009, in partial fulfillment of the
requirements for the degree of Master of Science (Agriculture) in Agronomy,
Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi (U.P.).
I certify that the entire scheme of investigation presented herein was planned
and carried out solely by the candidate under my guidance and supervision. The data
present in thesis, to the best of my knowledge and belief, are genuine and original.
Thanking you.
Yours faithfully,
FORWARDED
(R. K. Singh)
Supervisor
Effect of mix and alone application of herbicides with and without
surfactant on weeds in barley

by
Twinkle Jena

Thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of
the requirements for award of
Master of Science (Agriculture)
in
Agronomy

INSTITUTE OF AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES
BANARAS HINDU UNIVERSITY
VARANASI - 221 005
2016
APPROVED BY MEMBERS OF ADVISORY COMMITTEE
Chairman Dr. Ramesh Kumar Singh
Professor
Department of Agronomy
Member Dr. Manoj Kumar Singh
Professor
Department of Agronomy
Member Dr. A. Hemantaranjan
Professor
Department of Plant Physiology

External Examiner
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I bow my head and offer flowers of reverence to Bharat Ratna Mahamana Pt.
Madan Mohan Malviya, the Founder of Banaras Hindu University, for his life time
sacrifice and efforts in establishing such a great temple of learning for the cause of millions
of students like me.
It is exquisitely a jubilating occasion and unique opportunity to express my hearty
indebtedness to my esteemed guide Prof. Ramesh Kumar Singh, Department of Agronomy,
Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi. I feel extreme
pleasure to owe my profound sense of gratitude and indebtedness for his scholastic
guidance, perceptive criticism, affection and constant source of inspiration which enabled
me to complete the task with great ease and will thus continue to occupy a prominent
place in my memory.
I owe my sincere thanks to the members of my advisory committee, Prof. Manoj
Kumar Singh, Department of Agronomy and Prof. A. Hemantaranjan, Department of
Plant Physiology, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi
(U.P.) for their critical suggestion, impeccable and benevolent guidance.
I am highly obliged to Prof. Avijit Sen, Head Department of Agronomy for
providing the necessary research and academic facilities during the course of investigation.
I feel honoured for being taught and guided by the experienced and benevolent
faculty of the Department of Agronomy, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, B.H.U., Prof.
R.P. Singh, Prof. J.S. Bohra, Prof. Yashwant Singh, Prof. U.P. Singh, Prof. R.K. Singh,
Prof. J.P. Singh, Prof. S.P. Singh, Prof. B.K. Srivastav, Dr. J.K. Singh, Dr. R.N. Meena,
Dr. M.K. Singh, Dr. S.K. Prasad, Dr. S.K. Verma, Dr. Rajesh Singh, Dr. R.S. Meena for
their discerning comments, valuable suggestions, co-operations, encouragement and helpful
attitude towards me during the course of investigation.
My special thanks to Mr. Nandu Ram Yadav, Mr. Vijay Pratap Singh,
Mr. J.C.N. Tripathi, Mr. Manoj Kumar Singh, Mr. Shayam Sundar, Mr. Divya Darshan
Singh, Mr. Jagannath Singh, Mr. Santosh Kumar Yadav, Mr. John Kereketta, Mr.
Mohan Ram, Mr. Manoj Kumar Yadav, Mr. Arvind Kumar Singh, Mr. Ashok Kumar,
Mr. Sashi Prakash Mishra for whole hearted co-operation and continues inspiration.
With profound regards in a more personal sense, I owe deepest debts to my parents
Mr. Digambar Jena and Mrs. Roopabati Barik, who taught me the value of wisdom based
on erudition but without enslaved by it and their persistent inspiration, selfless sacrifice,
continuous encouragement and blessing gave untiring help and have enabled me to be so
today.
I am quite unable to find appropriate words as to express my deepest sense of
gratitude to my beloved grandmother Smt. Gunubas Jena, my uncle Niranjan Swain, my
aunty Sailabala Swain, my beloved sister Little, Lovely, Gudly, my brother Sanu, Bithal,
my friends Sarita, Ritu, Chinu, Lucy, Sandhya. It was their zeal and enthusiasm which
made it possible for me to complete my logical end of this study. My words are too feeble to
give my inner feelings. Their constant encouragement, moral and emotional support
rendered throughout my education for which I will remain indebted to them throughout
my life.
Without the help of seniors no one can learn the lesson of life and cannot teach the
same to loving juniors so, heartfelt and special thanks to my seniors Dr. Santosh Patel,
Mr. Vishal Tyagi, Ms. Ekta Kumari, Ms. Kiran Hingonia, Ms. Surojyoti Pradhan,
Mr. Mir Miraj Ali, Mr. Anand Madane and Mr. Pramod Laukte, for their co-operation
during the study and investigation.
I am highly thankful to the company of my batchmates Anuesha, Swati, Puja,
Pooja, Sourav, Ankesh, Jyoti, Abhisek, Sudhansu, Deshraj, Awadhesh, Sawan, Sandeep,
Ajoy, Suman, Alok, Abhisek, Ritesh and Sandeep for their moral support, co-operation and
priceless suggestions.
The words are inadequate to express my feelings to them for their immense love and
affection which always animated me to face the challenges and very-very special thanks to
Sujit sir, Khirod, Krishna, Santosh sir and Ekta mam for their co-operation, affection,
moral and material support during the thesis work. It is pleasure for me to give thanks to
all my lovely juniors.
Before pen down, I once again confess that I do not know how to acknowledge
the help and co-operation of my Supervisor, members of advisory committee, family
members and relatives, seniors, juniors, colleagues but above feeling are followed from the
core of my heart in the shape of words and as gospel truth.
The graces of the God are always blessed to me and give me patience and power to
overcome the difficulties which came my way in accomplishment of this endeavour. I
cannot dare to say thanks but only pray to bless me always.
Last but not the least, I record my sincere thanks to all respectable people who
helped me and could not find separated mention. I still solicit their benediction to proceed
at every step of a perfect destined life.
Great thanks to all.
Date:
Place: Varanasi (Twinkle Jena)
CONTENTS
Chapter No. Detail Page(s)
Chapter I INTRODUCTION .............................................................................. 1-4
Chapter II REVIEW OF LITERATURE ........................................................... 5-33
Chapter III MATERIAL AND METHODS ..................................................... 34-55
Chapter IV EXPERIMENTAL FINDINGS ...................................................... 56-99
Chapter V DISCUSSION ............................................................................ 100-108
Chapter VI SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS ......................................... 109-113
BIBLIOGRAPHY ............................................................................... i-x
LIST OF SYMBOLS AND ABBREVIATIONS
% : Per cent
@ : At the rate of
o C : Degree centigrade
a.i. : Active ingredient
NIS : Non Ionic Surfactant
m : Meter
m-1 : Per meter
m-2 : Per meter square
cm : Centimetre
mm : Millimetre
Mt : Million tones
T : Tonnes
Q : Quintal
Kg : Kilogram
g : Gram
Ha : Hectare
m ha : Million hectare
i.e. : Id est (that is)
et al. : And others
Viz. : Namely
e.g. : For example
dSm-1 : Deci semen per meter
EC : Electrical conductivity
Fig. : Figure
DAS : Days after sowing
B: C : Benefit cost ratio
Max. : Maximum
Min. : Minimum
No. : Number
pH : Puissance he hydrogen
SEm+ : Standard error of mean
d. f. : Degree of freedom
C.D. : Critical difference
NS : Not significant
DAP : Di ammonium phosphate
MOP : Muriate of potash
/ : Per
hrs : Hours
Rs. : Rupees
LIST OF TABLES
Table Particulars Page
No. No.
3.1 Mean week-wise meteorological data during crop season 2014-15 35
3.2 Mechanical and physico-chemical analyses of soil of the 38
experimental field
3.3 Cropping history of the experimental field 39
3.4 Lay out plan 40
3.5 Details of Treatments 42
3.6 Detail of field operations 47
3.7 Methods chemical analysis of plant 54
4.1 Effect of different treatments on Anagalis arvensis 58
4.2 Effect of different treatments on Chenopodium album 59
4.3 Effect of different treatments on Melilotus alba 62
4.4 Effect of different treatments on Solanum nigrum 63
4.5 Effect of different treatments on Rumex dentatus 64
4.6 Effect of different treatments on total dicot weeds 65
4.7 Effect of different treatments on Cynodon dactylon 67
4.8 Effect of different treatments on Cyperus rotundus 68
4.9 Effect of different treatments on total weeds 69
4.10 Effect of different treatments on weed dry weight 71
4.11 Effect of different treatments on weed control efficiency and weed 73
index
4.12 Effect of different treatments on N content and uptake by weeds 75
4.13 Effect of different treatments on P content and uptake by weeds 76
4.14 Effect of different treatments on K content and uptake by weeds 77
4.15 Effect of different treatments on plant height 80
4.16 Effect of different treatments on number of tillers per running meter 82
4.17 Effect of different treatments on Leaf Area Index of barley 83
4.18 Effect of different treatments on dry weight of barley per running 85
meter
4.19 Effect of different treatments on yield attributing character 88
4.20 Effect of different treatments on grain yield, straw yield of barley 91
4.21 Effect of different treatments on N content and uptake of barley 93
4.22 Effect of different treatments on P content and uptake of barley 95
4.23 Effect of different treatments on K content and uptake of barley 98
Chapter I

INTRODUCTION
Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) is an ancient cereal grain, which upon
domestication has evolved largely a food grain to a feed and malting grain. Barley
can grow in a wide range of environments than any other cereal, including extremes
of latitude, longitude and high altitude (Vangool and Vernon, 2006). It is frequently
being described as the most cosmopolitan of the crops and also considered as poor
man’s crop because of the low input requirement and better adaptability to drought,
salinity, alkalinity and marginal land (FAO, 2002). It is the fourth important cereal
crop in the world after maize, wheat and rice with a share of 7% global cereal
production. During 2014-15, globally barley was cultivated on nearly 49.50 million
hectare area with a production of 141.01 million metric tons. In India, during 2014-
15, Barley occupied nearly 6.72 lakh hectare area producing nearly 16.26 lakh tons
grain, with a productivity of 2422 kg/ha. (Anonymous, 2015). The barley cultivation
in India suffered during green revolution period due to replacement of barley from
marginal land and rainfed areas by more remunerative oilseed and pulses. However,
during early nineties, due to economic liberalization, the industrial demand for barley
increased and presently 25-30% of total barley produced is used in the manufacturing
of malt extract, which is further utilized for brewing, distillation, baby foods, coca-
malt drinks and medicinal syrups.
Agriculture production being an integrated interaction effect of soil, water,
fertilizer, climate continuum, a wise scientific management of the complex system is
crucial for enhancing crop productivity on sustained basis without any loss to the
environmental ecology. Therefore, the major goal of the present day agriculture is to
maximize land and crop productivity without hostile the environment and the natural
resources.
Amongst the factors, limiting cereals production, weeds are an important
biotic stress affecting crop productivity. Although, barley with relatively more
vigorous growth than wheat and by active tillering stage, it completely covers the soil
Introduction
resulting in smothering of weeds, but still weeds can lower the yield significantly
under irrigated condition with high fertilization.
Lack of effective weed control measures and a lack of basic knowledge of
weed management in barley have emerged as one of the limiting factor in barley
production (Duwayri et al., 1988)
Hand-weeding was formerly a most widely used and effective method of
weed control, but this practice was abandoned because it was no longer economical as
its practical and economic feasibility is often limited by unfavorable climatic and soil
conditions, unavailability of labourer during critical period of weeding and also high
wages of labour (Pandey et al., 2007). With the advent of herbicides, it became
possible to effectively manage weeds and increase crop yields at lower cost (Duwayri
and Saghir, 1983).
Phenoxy herbicides, such as 2, 4-D is a widely used herbicide for control of
broadleaf weeds in barley. However, 2,4-D use is stage specific and has use
restrictions, especially if broadleaf crop is planted in nearby fields (Swan, 1975). Due
to its repeated use for several years, the efficacy of 2,4-D has been reported to be
reduced especially against hard to control broadleaf weeds such as Rumex dentatus
L., Rumex spinosus L., and Malva neglecta. The widespread use of herbicides has
also created new weed problems, in terms of a shift in the weed population and
herbicide resistant weeds (Lemerle et al., 2001b). In a long term study in rice-wheat
cropping system, continuous use of 2, 4-D for 13 years resulted in the buildup of R.
dentatus and Chenopodium album L. weed seed bank. Therefore, herbicides with
alternate mode of action are required to control broadleaf weeds in small grains
including barley. Some alternate herbicides such as metsulfuron-methyl and
carfentrazone-ethyl were evaluated for control of broadleaf weeds in wheat in 2000
and 2007, respectively (PAU, 2011) and the success led to their evaluation in other
winter cereal like barley.
Lair and Redente (2004) reported that sulfonylurea herbicide application
increased stability and biomass of barley as much as 43% over auxin herbicide and
~2~