effect of dietary exposure of arsenic and its amelioration in guinea pigs and small ruminants

398 Pages·2013·5.63 MB·English

EFFECT OF DIETARY EXPOSURE OF ARSENIC

AND ITS AMELIORATION IN GUINEA PIGS AND
SMALL RUMINANTS

THESIS

Submitted to the
DEEMED UNIVERSITY
Indian Veterinary Research Institute
Izatnagar-243 122 (U.P.), INDIA

Ranjan Kumar Mohanta
Roll No. : 1249

IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS
FOR THE DEGREE OF

Doctor of Philosophy
(Animal Nutrition)

July, 2013
THIS SMALL PIECE OF WORK IS
DEDICATED TO

MY FAMILY 
Who taught me to dream, dare and persevere with complete 
enthusiasm and stood by me as always 

MY GUIDE 
Who taught me many real life lessons 

MY ANIMALS 
Whose sacrifice made it possible & made me learn responsibility 

THE GOD 
Who always remains with us whatsoever comes
Centre of Advanced Faculty Training in Animal Nutrition
INDIANVETERINARYRESEARCHINSTITUTE
.
IZATNAGAR-243 122 (U.P.), INDIA
mtJ3r.J!l
IVRI IeAR
Dr. A.K.Garg Date: 27.07.2013
Principal Scientist
Certificate
This is to be certified that the research work embodied in this thesis entitled
"Effect of dietary exposure of arsenic and its amelioration in guinea pigs
and small ruminants" submitted by Dr. Ranjan Kumar Mohanta, Roll No.
1249, for the award of Doctor of Philosophy Degree in Animal Nutrition at
Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, is the original work carried out
by the candidate himself under my supervision and guidance.
It is further certified that Dr. Ranjan Kumar Mohanta has worked for
more than 30 months in the Institute and has put in more than 300 days
attendance under me from the date of registration for the Doctor of Philosophy
Degree in this Deemed University, as required under the relevant ordinance.
Izatnagar
July, 2013
~~rg)
Chairman, Advisory committee
CERTIFICATE
We the undersigned members of Advisory Committee of Dr.
Ranjan Kumar Mohanta, Roll No. 1249 a candidate for the degree of
Doctor of Philosophy with the major discipline in Animal Nutrition
agree that the thesis entitled "Effect of dietary exposure of arsenic and
its amelioration in guinea pigs and small ruminants" may be
submitted in partial fulfillment ofthe requirement for the degree.
We have gone through the contents of the thesis and are fully
satisfied with the work carried out by the candidate, which is being
presented for the award of Doctor of Philosophy Degree of this
Institute.
It is further certified that the candidate has completed all the
prescribed requirements governing the award of Doctor of Philosophy
Degree of the Deemed University, Indian Veterinary Research Institute,
Izatnag»ar. :
(External Examiner)
Date: 02..· 0~. 2-0/1.
MEMBERSOFSTUDENT'SADVISORYCOMMITTEE
Dr. R.S.Dass
........~.~ .....
Principal Scientist and Head, ANDivision
Dr. (Mrs.) Meena Kataria
...~. .cA. ...
Principal Scientist. Biochemistry Division
Dr. A.K.Sharma
::::::::::::~~~
Principal Scientist, Pathology Division
Dr. Gyanendra Singh
tfLl/.:!;t
Principal Scientist, Physiology Division
Dr. BharatBhushan
............
~
Principal Scientist, LPMDivision
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
With great pleasure, I extend my esteemed sense of gratitude to my Major Advisor, Dr. A.K.
Garg, Principal Scientist, Mineral and Vitamin Nutrition Laboratory, Animal Nutrition Division,
IVRI, for his able guidance, indefatigable encouragement from the inception of this project, giving
critical comments wherever required, with very worthy discussions, providing fatherly affection and
care during this period. Under his able guidance I discovered many of my potential and weaknesses
that will guide me on my onward journey in my life and career.
I am deeply indebted to Dr. R.S. Dass, Director, CAFT in Animal Nutrition and Head,
AN Division and Dr. D.N. Kamra, National Professor, AN Division for their continuous
encouragement and genuine guidance throughout my research period. I shall forever remain
an admirer of their interest in work, their depth of knowledge, approach to the subject, love
for students and constant co-operation throughout my entire stay at this research institute.
I am grateful to Dr. A.K. Sharma, Division of Veterinary Pathology, Dr. V.K. Chaturvedi,
Division of Biological Products and Dr. G. Singh, Veterinary Physiology and Climatology Division
for their moral support and providing necessary laboratory facilities to conduct my research
work. I express my sincere thanks to other members of my advisory committee, Dr. (Mrs.) M. Kataria,
and Dr. Bharat Bhushan for their valuable guidance and help during the hours of need.
It’s my immense pleasure to thank Dr. S.V.S. Malik of VPH Division, Dr. Amit Kumar,
LAR section, Dr. B.H.M. Patel, Division of Livestock Production and Management, Dr. S.
Dandapat, Immunology Section and Dr. (Mrs.) Monalisa Sahoo, Division of Veterinary Pathology
for their unflinching support, constructive criticism, able guidance and encouragement
throughout the study.
I would like to express my gratefulness to all my teachers Dr(s). A.K. Pattanaik, A.K.
Verma, Putan Singh, N. Dutta, S.K. Saha, L.C. Chaudhary, Asit Das, Praveen Singh, N.
Agarwal, V.B. Chaturvedi, B. Sahoo and S.E. Jadav for their valuable suggestions and help
during the entire course of my study period. I feel immense pleasure to express a note of thanks to
all the staff of AN Division for their timely and valuable help and support. I am indebted to all my
teachers of Veterinary Biochemistry and Veterinary Physiology for their direct and indirect help in my
learning pursuit.
I am also thankful to the Director, IVRI, for providing me the necessary facilities and
Indian Council of Agricultural Research, New Delhi for keeping my financial worries at bay
in the form of SRF.
I find no words to express my indebtness and sense of gratitude to Shri Shyam Karanji for his
fatherly affection, technical and personal guidance whose contribution is innumerable and cannot be
expressed; my lab mates Dr(s). Rohini, Parme, Sanjivani, Dildeep, Kamdev, Surej and Brijender for
their support; (Late) Sh. Santosh, Sh. Ashok, Sh. Virender Singh and Mrs. Nirmala for making the
work place congenial and Suresh, Satyadev for the help rendered by them. It’s my pleasure to thank
Mr. Pankaj Johri of Veterinary Pathology Division, Mr. M.C. Pathak of Veterinary Physiology and
Climatology Division, and all the staffs of who have helped me directly or indirectly.
I am very much grateful to Suvendu, Mahipal, Adibhai, Manubhai, Manojbhai, Durgabhai
and Subuddhibhai for their time-to-time guidance and unflinching moral support in all matters of my
life, mainly when my spirits are low. I would express my deep sense of gratitude to them. I am equally
thankful to all my mentors Narottam sir, Surendra sir, Tushar sir, Akber sir, Biswabhai, Laxmibhai
andSinghal sirfor their sagacious guidance throughout my academic career.
I can't express my indebtness to the families of Chandrakant sir, Malik sir,
Biswabhai, Niharabhai, Rafiq sir, Durgabhai, Adityabh ai, Amirbhai, Ajaybhai, Hari and
Mahipal where I got my home away from home. I express my heartfelt thanks to my friends
Titu, Manmay, Nirmal, Sandeep, Biswa, Chinmaya, Smruti, Pratap, Pappu, Yasir and Luna who
have been always there in my ups and downs.
I express my sincere love and affection to all my seniors, friends and juniors with whom I
shared unforgettable moments. I thank Dr(s). Shaktivel, Prakash, Kuldeep, Shrikant, Asha, Birendra,
Durga Hota, Sanatan, Ani, Bidyutprabha, Subhashree, Chetan, Rahul, Bedyuti, Lipi, Laxmi,
Tapan, Vishnu, Ajit, Kullu, Anju, Sachin, Avinash, Abhishek, Dilip, Tapsi, Adyasa, Anthony,
Chinmay, Partha and members of Utkal Samaj for being my counselor and morale booster
throughout my work as always with their unconditional help.
My sincere gratitude is also due to guinea pigs and kids involved in my experiments, whose
sacrifice taught me the essence of the experiment and manifold my interest in work many times and my
fellow workers and supervisors in AN Shed; Suresh, Kashiji and others who worked untiringly to
make thework asperfect aspossible.
I cannot thank them in words for the earnest love and affection bestowed to me by my
parents, Sinu, Badu, Badi, Kaka, Kaki, Minadidi, Pitamberbhai, Badabhauja,
Dushmantabhai, Tinunani, Mousi, Krishnabhai, Tunididi, Karmubhai, Sanabhauja,
Bapubhai, Suchibhauja, Pinki, Pinku, Minu, Dhoni, Bini, Biki, Mini and all my family
members who gave me the freedom to dream. Thank you all for your continuous
encouragement and support in every moment of my life.
"When emotions involve, words caese to exist ", words are not sufficient to express the
enormous patience, faith and sacrifice of the ever present Bapa, caring Maa and graceful
Mamma who have helped me to come this far from a remote village. I thank Sinu, my loving
wife, who closely watched and shared all the pains and pleasures of the life of a preoccupied
and introvert person, particularly the strenuous pains of raising Ayush, during my
engrossment with work in lab and shed giving me enough space and time. I am also deeply
indebted to two souls, that of my late brother Anjan, and my dear papaji, Mr. Muniram, who
left a void within me; I can never forget their presence in my life. I hope my loving son Ayush
will never forget his tender memories of coming to laboratory when he was of 2 months age
and spent so many hours here at night when his mother was assisting me especially after my
hand was fractured.
Finally, I wish to acknowledge the Omnipotent, Omnipresent, and Omniscient 'Bhagwan'
without whose blessing this small piece of work would have never been successful.
I once again record my deep felt gratitude to all those associated with me in this endeavour.
Thanks all,for making stronger theprinciples that guide my life.
K="~.)c)"\A_
29'hJuly 2013 (Ranjan Kumar Mohanta)
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
% Percentage
C Degree Celsius
@ At the rate of
µ Micron
A: G Albumin: globulin ratio
AAS Atomic absorption spectrophotometer
ACD        acid citrate dextrose
ad lib ad libitum
ADF Acid detergent fiber
ADG Average daily gain
ALP Alkaline phosphatase
ALT Alanine aminotransferase
AM Ante meridian
AOAC Association of Analytical Communities International
As Arsenic
As O Arsenic trioxide
2 3
AST Aspartate aminotransferase
ATSDR Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry
BQ Black quarter
BUN Blood urea nitrogen
BW Body weight
Ca Calcium
CAT Catalase
CF Crude fibre
CK Creatinine Kinase
cm Centimeter
CM Concentrate mixture
CMI Cell mediated immunity
CP Crude protein
cpm Counts per minute
d Day
DAM Di acetyl monoxime
df Dilution factor
dL Deci liter
DLC Differential leucocyte count
DM Dry matter
DMA Dimethylarsinous acid
DMD Dry matter degradability
DMI Dry matter intake
DNPH Di nitro phenyl hydrazine
DTH Delayed type hypersensitivity
i
DTNB 5-5΄- dithio, bis(-2nitrobenzoic acid)
EDTA Ethylene di amine tetra acetic acid
EE Ether extract
EIA Enzyme immunoassay
ELISA Enzyme linked immuno sorbent assay
ELISA enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay
g gram(s)
GH Growth hormone
GI Gastro-intestinal
GNC Groundnut cake
GOD Glucose oxidase
GR Glutathione reductase
GSH Reduced glutathione
GSH-Px Glutathione peroxidase
GST Glutathione-s-transferase
h Hour(s)
H SO Sulphuric acid
2 4
Hb Haemoglobin
HClO Perchloric acid
4
HDL High density lipoprotein
HG- AAS Hydride generation- atomic absorption spectrophotometer
HNO Nitric acid
3
HS Hemorrhagic septicemia
IgG, Ig M Immunoglobulin G and M
IU International Unit
IVRI Indian Veterinary Research Institute
kg W0.75 Metabolic body weight
kg Kilogram
L liters
LD Median lethal dose
50
LDH Lactate dehydrogenase
LPO Lipid peroxidase
M Molar
MDA Malondialdehyde
mg Milligram(s)
MHC Major histocompatibility complex
min Minute(s)
mL Milliliter
mM millimole
MMA Monomethylarsonous acid
MMT Million metric tonne
mol Mole
MT metallothionein
MTL Maximum tolerable level
MTT 3-[4,5- Dimethylthiozol-2yl]-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide
ii
n Nano
N Nitrogen
N Normal
NaAsO Sodium arsenite
2
NADPH reduced form of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate
NADP nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate
NaOH Sodium hydroxide
ND Not determined
NDF Neutral detergent fiber
NDRI National Dairy Research Institute
NFE Nitrogen free extract
ng Nanogram
NH -N Ammonia nitrogen
3
NK Cells Natural killer cells
NO nitric oxide
NRC National Research Council
NS Non-significant
NSS Normal saline solution
OD Optical density
OM Organic matter
P Phosphorus
PBLs Peripheral blood leukocytes
PBS Phosphate buffer saline
PCV Packed cell volume
pH -Log [H+]
PHA-P Phytohaemagglutinin P
PM Post meridian
PMN Poly morphonuclear cells
POD Peroxidase
ppb Parts per billion
ppm Parts per million
PPR Peste de petits ruminants
RBC Red blood cells
RIA Radioimmunoassay
ROS Reactive oxygen species
rpm revolutions per minute
s/c Sub cutaneous
SDS Sodium dodecyl sulphate
Se Selenium
SEM Standard error of mean
SGOT Serum glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase
SGPT Serum glutamate pyruvate transaminase
-SH thiol group
SI stimulation index
SOD Super oxide dismutase
iii
T3 Tri-iodo thyronine
T4 Thyroxine
TBA Thiobarbituric acid
TDMI Total dry matter intake
TDN Total digestible nutrients
TDN total digestible nutrients
TLC Total leukocyte count
TMR Total mixed ration
TP Total protein
TRIS Tris hydroxyl aminomethane
U Unit
USDA United States Department of Agriculture
USEPA United States Environmental Protection Agency
USFDA United States Food and Drug Administration
W Weight
W/ V Weight by volume
W0.75 Metabolic body weight
WHO World Health Organization
μg Microgram(s)
μL Microliter(s)
μM Micromolar
iv