EFFECT OF CHICKEN MANURE AND AMMONIUM SULPHATE FERTILIZERS ON GROWTH AND ...

76 Pages·2005·0.74 MB·English

EFFECT OF CHICKEN MANURE AND AMMONIUM
SULPHATE FERTILIZERS ON GROWTH AND OIL
CONTENT OF LEMONGRASS

By
Amira Yagoub Elmahdi

B.Sc. (Agric.)
Sudan University for Science & Technology
1998

A
Dissertation submitted to the University of Khartoum in partial
fulfillment of the requirements of the Degree of Master of Science in
Agriculture
(Horticulure)

Department of Horticulture
Faculty of Agriculture
University of Khartoum

March 2004
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a

DEDICATION

I dedicate this work
To my deer mother, the soul of my father,
brothers & sisters
And special dedication to my deer husband
With love and respect…

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ACKNOWLEGDMENT

I would like to express my sincere thanks and
deepest appreciation to my supervisor, Prof. Gaafar
M. El Hassan, Faculty of Agriculture, University of
Khartoum, for his supervision, helpful guidance
throughout my study.
My deepest thanks are also due to Dr. Awatif
Ahmed from the Medicinal and Aromatic Plants
Institute; and the members of Chemistry Laboratory
for their help during the oil extraction.
I'm also indebted to Mr. Elrasheed Ahmed Salim
for helpful and printing of the thesis.
Thanks are also to Dr. Tag El Sir Ebraheem, the
head of Department of Horticulture – College of
Agricultural Studies –Sudan University for Science and
Technology.
Thanks also indebted to those who cooperated
with me but not mentioned.

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ABSTRACT

This study was carried out to investigate the effect of
Ammonium Sulphate and organic fertilizer on herbage yield and
oil content of lemon grass (Cymbopogon citratus).
The experiment was conducted at the demonstration farm
at Khartoum University – Faculty of Agriculture at Shambat
during summer season, sowing date of he experiment was
30/3/2003.
The treatments of this study were fertilization using pure
5Ton/Fed. And combined fertilizer; Chicken manure, 2.5
Ton/fed with 2 N Ammonium sulphate and control.
Fertilizer treatments gave the highest growth and herbage
yield but in the second harvest fresh weight in combined
fertilizer treatment was better than organic fertilizer.
Oil content was the same in the three treatments in the two
harvests. But the oil content was decreased in the second harvest
compared to the first harvest.

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ﺔﺤﻭﺭﻁﻷﺍ ﺹﺨﻠﻤ

ﺕﺎـﺘﻴﺭﺒﻜﻭ ( ﻥﺠﺍﻭﺩﻟﺍ ) ﻱﻭﻀﻌﻟﺍ ﺩﺎﻤﺴﻟﺍ ﺭﻴﺜﺄﺘ ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩ ﻑﺩﻬﺒ ﺔﺒﺭﺠﺘﻟﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﺕﻴﺭﺠﺃ
لـﻘﺤﻟﺎﺒ ﻥﻭـﻤﻴﻠﻟﺍ ﺔﺸـﻴﺸﺤ ﺕﺎـﺒﻨ ﻲﻓ ﺕﻴﺯﻟﺍ ﺔﺒﺴﻨﻭ ﺏﺸﻌﻟﺍ ﺝﺎﺘﻨﺇ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻡﻭﻴﻨﻭﻤﻻﺍ
ﺦﻴﺭﺎـﺘﺒ ﻑﻴﺼﻟﺍ ﻡﺴﻭﻤ ﻲﻓ ﺕﺎﺒﻤﺸﺒ ﻡ ﻭﻁﺭﺨﻟﺍ ﺔﻌﻤﺎﺠ – ﺔﻋﺍﺭﺯﻟﺍ ﺔﻴﻠﻜﺒ ﻲﺤﺎﻀﻴﻹﺍ
5 2003 3 30
( ﻥـﺠﺍﻭﺩ) ﻱﻭﻀﻋ ﺩﺎﻤﺴ ﻥﻁ ﺔﻓﺎﻀ ﺈﺒ ﺩﻴﻤﺴﺘﻟﺍ ﺕﻼﻤﺎﻌﻤ ﺕﻠﻤﺘﺸﺍ .ﻡ / /
2N 2,5
ﺕﺎـﺘﻴﺭﺒﻜ) ﻲﺌﺎﻴﻤﻴﻜ ﺩﺎﻤﺴ ﻊﻤ ﻱﻭﻀﻋ ﺩﺎﻤﺴ ﻥﺍﺩﻔﻠﻟ ﻥﻁ ﺔﻴﻨﺎﺜﻟﺍ ﺔﻠﻤﺎﻌﻤﻟﺍﻭ
.(ﻡﻭﻴﻨﻭﻤﻻﺍ
،ﺏﺸـﻌﻟﺍ ﺝﺎﺘﻨﺍ ﻲﻟﺎﺘﻟﺎﺒﻭ ﺕﺎﺒﻨﻟﺍ ﺅﻤﻨﻟ ﺞﺌﺎﺘﻨﻟﺍ لﻀﻓﺃ ﺕﻁﻋﺃ ﺩﺎﻤﺴﻟﺍ ﺕﻼﻤﺎﻌﻤ
ﺩﺎﻤﺴـﻟﺍ ﺔـﻠﻤﺎﻌﻤ ﻲﻓ ﺔﺠﻴﺘﻨ لﻀﻓﺃ ﻰﻁﻋﺃ ﺏﻁﺭﻟﺍ ﻥﺯﻭﻟﺍ ﺔﻴﻨﺎﺜﻟﺍ ﺓﺩﺼﺤﻟﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻥﻜﻟﻭ
.ﻱﻭﻀﻌﻟﺎﺒ ﺔﻨﺭﺎﻘﻤ ﻲﺌﺎﻤﻴﻜﻟﺍ ﻊﻤ ﻱﻭﻀﻌﻟﺍ
ﻥـﻜﻟﻭ ،ﻥﻴﺩﺎﺼـﺤﻟﺍ ﻥﻤ لﻜ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻴﻭﺎﺴﺘﻤ ﺕﻼﻤﺎﻌﻤ ﺙﻼﺜﻟﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺕﻴﺯﻟﺍ ﺔﺒﺴﻨ
.لﻭﻻﺍ ﺩﺎﺼﺤﻟﺎﺒ ﺔﻨﺭﺎﻘﻤ ﻲﻨﺎﺜﻟﺍ ﺩﺎﺼﺤﻟﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺕﻴﺯﻟﺍ ﺔﻴﻤﻜ ﻲﻓ ﺽﺎﻔﺨﻨﺍ ﻙﻟﺎﻨﻫ

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Contents

Dedication………………………………………………….…………….. i
Acknowledgements……………………………………………………… ii
English Abstract…………………………………………………….…… iii
Acknowledgements……………………………………………………… ii
English Abstract………………………………………………………… iii
Arabic Abstract………………………………………………………….. iv
Contents..………………………………………………………...……… V
List of Tables………………………………..………….......………....... Viii
List of Figures………………………………………………………… viii
List of Plates……………………………………………..…………....… ix
List of Plates……………………………………………..…………....… ix
List of Appendices……………………………………….……….…..…. ix
1. CHAPTER ONE (INTRODUCTION)………………………..………. 1
2. CHAPTER TWO (LITERATURE REVIEW)………………...……… 3
2.1. Plant Botany……………………………………………………...… 3
2.1.1. Botany…………………………………………………………...… 3
2.1.2. Cymbopogon spp………………………………………………….. 4
2.2. Crop establishment………………………………………………….. 6

2.3. Factors effecting oil yield and herbage production in Cymbopogon
species……………………………………………………………………. 6
2.3.1. Effect of seasonal variation……………………………………….. 6
2.3. Factors affecting oil yield and herbage production in Cymbopogon
species……………………………………………………………………. 6
2.3.1. Effect of seasonal variation……………………………………….. 7
2.3.1. Effect of leaf age…………………………………………………. 7
2.3.3. Effect of Nitrogen fertilizer on growth and oil content…………… 8
2. 4. Effect of Sulphur on growth and development……………………... 9
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2.5. Effect of organic fertilizer on plant Growth………………………… 10
2.5.2. Chicken manure Fertilizer……………………………………….. 10
2.6. Volatile oil…………………………………………………………. 12
2.6.1. Extraction of volatile oils………………………………………... 14
2.6.2. Chemistry of Cymbopogon citratus oil……………….................. 16
2.6.3. The physiochemical properties of lemon grass oil………………. 16
2.7. Uses of Cymbopogon citrates……………………………………… 17
3. CHAPTER THREE (MATERIALS AND METHODS)………….… 19
3.1. Location………………………………………………………….… 19
3.2. Climate……………………………………………..……………… 19
2.3. Soil……………………………………………………………...….. 19
3.4. Source of the plant……………………………………………....…. 19
3.5. Plant management……………………………………………….… 19
3.6. Experimental design……………………………………………….. 20
3.7. Data collection……….…………………………………………….... 24
3.7.1. Growth parameters…………………………………….………… 24
3.7.1.1. Plant height…………………………………………………….. 24
3.7.1.2. Root length…………………………………………………….. 24
2.7.1.3. Number of stools………………………………………………. 24
2.7.1.4. Leaf length……………………………………………………... 24
2.7.1.5. Fresh weight………………………………………………….... 24
2.7.1.6. Dry weight…………………………………………………....... 24
2.8. Determination of oil content (Oil extraction)…………………….... 28
4. CHAPTER FOUR (RESULTS)…………… ……………………..… 30
4.1. Effect of Chicken Manure and Ammonium Sulphate on lemon grass
growth parameter……………………………………………………….. 30
4.1.1. Plant height……………………………………………………... 30
4.1.2. Root length………………………………………………………. 30
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4.1.3. Fresh weight……………………………………………………... 30
4.1.4. Dry weight……………………………………………………….. 35
4.2. Effect of chicken manure and ammonium sulphate on number of
stools…………………………………………………………………..... 35
4.3. Effect of chicken manure and ammonium sulphate on leaf length... 39
4.4. Effect of chicken manure and ammonium sulphate on the oil
content of lemon grass………………………………………………… 40
5. CHAPER FIVE (DISCUSSION)....................................................... 45
5.1. Effect of chicken manure and ammonium sulphate on
growth……………………………………………………………...…… 45
5.1. Effect of chicken manure and ammonium sulphate on oil
conten…………………………………………………………..………. 47
6. Suggestions……………………………………………….….. 50
7. References……………………………………………………..…..… 51
8. Appendices………………………………………………………….. 60

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LIST OF TABLES

Table (1): Effect of chicken manure and ammonium
31
sulphate on growth parameters……...............................………
Table (2): Effect of chicken manure and ammonium
sulphate on number of stools per plant….................………. 37
Table (3): Effect of chicken manure and ammonium
39
sulphate on leaf length……………..................…………………

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LIST OF FIGURES

Figure (1): Effect of combined and organic fertilizer on
height (cm)…….................…………………………plant 32
Figure (2): Effect of combined and organic fertilizer on
root length…………………………………...................… 33
Figure (3): Effect of combined and chicken manure on
weight (g)……… ………………………..…..…......fresh 34
Figure (4): Effect of combined and organic fertilizer on
dry weight (g)…………........................………………….. 36

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