i Rehnuma Sazzad is a research associate at the Centre for Cultural, Literary and Postcolonial Studies (CCLPS) at the School of Oriental and African Studies (SOAS). Her book Language and Nationalism in the Decolonized World is forthcoming and she has published various book chapters as well as articles in South Asian Cultural Studies, Interventions: Journal of Postcolonial Studies, Interdisciplinary Literary Studies and Middle Eastern Studies. She completed a PhD in Literary and Cultural Studies at Nottingham Trent University and was awarded MAs from both the University of Manchester and the University of Dhaka. ii ‘An important contribution to the growing field on the history and criti- cism of Arab intellectual thought’. Anastasia Valassopoulos, Senior Lecturer in World Literatures, University of Manchester ‘A thoughtful study of the experience of exile among Arab intellectuals in the twentieth century. Sazzad’s provocative perspective places Edward Said as the defining figure whose ideas allow us to recognise that Arab writ- ers and film makers are embedded in historical experiences that fall well beyond the boundaries of their national traditions.’ Robert J. C. Young, Silver Professor of English and Comparative Literature, New York University iii EDWARD SAID’S CONCEPT OF EXILE Identity and Cultural Migration in the Middle East REHNUMA SAZZAD iv Published in 2017 by I.B.Tauris & Co. Ltd London • New York www.ibtauris.com Copyright © 2017 Rehnuma Sazzad The right of Rehnuma Sazzad to be identified as the author of this work has been asserted by the author in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. All rights reserved. Except for brief quotations in a review, this book, or any part thereof, may not be reproduced, stored in or introduced into a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the publisher. Every attempt has been made to gain permission for the use of the images in this book. Any omissions will be rectified in future editions. References to websites were correct at the time of writing. Written Culture and Identity 6 ISBN: 978 1 78453 687 9 eISBN: 978 1 78672 260 7 ePDF: 978 1 78673 260 6 A full CIP record for this book is available from the British Library A full CIP record is available from the Library of Congress Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: available Typeset by Newgen Printed and bound by CPI Group (UK) Ltd, Croydon, CR0 4YY v Pundit Binod Bihari Acharya & Professor Fakrul Alam – My insignificant Gurudakkhina vi vii Contents List of Illustrations ix Acknowledgements xi Introduction 1 1 Exile and Intellectual Practice 17 Said and the executive view of exile 22 Said’s explorations of exile 28 2 Middle Eastern Artists as Exilic Intellectuals 45 The reflection of Said’s ideas in contemporary Arab literature and film 50 The Arab artists and exilic intellectual practice 88 3 Exile as Resistance 93 Resistance against supremacist ideologies 97 Resistance as an emancipatory project 121 4 The Place of Writing in Exile 141 Adornian model: ‘Happy with the idea of unhappiness’ 142 Auerbachian model: cultivating ‘the pleasures of exile’ 156 ‘The last Jewish intellectual’: Saidian legacy 167 5 Exile in the Contexts of Postcolonialism and Postmodernism 187 Nationalism and voyage in: postcolonialism in perspective 191 Postmodernism and the exilic stance on established narratives 207 Contrapuntal rather than postcolonial or postmodern criticism 220 vii viii Contents Conclusion 235 Notes 241 Bibliography 243 Index 261 viii ix List of Illustrations Ill.1: Salah Ad-D in: the peaceful progression of the Hajj pilgrims 196 Ill.2: Salah Ad-D in: the technical display of bloodshed to reduce the details of violence 196 Ill.3: Prodigal Son: the clown representing the prevalent grotesquery 200 Ill.4: Prodigal Son: hyper- realistic projection of survival 201 Ill.5: Salah Ad-D in: the trials of Louise and Acre’s Governor 203 Ill.6: Alexandria… New York: imaginary rendering of Yehia’s first view of Ginger 214 Ill.7: Alexandria… Why?: Yehia’s Arabic rendition of a speech given by Hamlet 229 Ill.8: Alexandria Again and Forever: an exasperated Yehia with Amr 232 Misr International Films own all images, which are included in the book with their kind permission. ix