Educational Reciprocity and Adaptivity Educational Reciprocity and Adaptivity challenges the common belief that adapting to new educational settings is the responsibility of international students alone. The book argues that reciprocal responses are required by students and stakeholders alike for an efficient and equitable accommodation of international students in educational settings. Considering how international students negotiate academic challenges and social tensions, it presents both theoretical frameworks and practical tools to work around the tension regarding ethical academic practices. Crucially exploring these issues across a range of geographical and institutional contexts, and therefore offering critical insights into significant developments in international education across the world, the much- needed research in this edited collection explores: • institutional educational policies regarding international students and stakeholders; • institutional practices and how they are received; • educational adaptability and responses from different stakeholders; • the experiences of international students and institutions in negotiating aca- demic and social tensions. This important contribution to research on the experiences of international stu- dents in different geographical and educational contexts is of great interest to aca- demics, researchers and postgraduate students in the fields of international education, comparative education, sociology of education, youth studies, inter- cultural studies, migration studies and TESOL. Abe W. Ata currently holds an honorary position at Deakin University, Aus- tralia. He is an Adjunct Professor at Swinburne University, Australia. Ly Thi Tran is an Associate Professor at Deakin University, Australia, and an Australian Research Council Future Fellow. Indika Liyanage is an Associate Professor and Discipline Leader (TESOL/ LOTE) at Deakin University, Australia. He is also an Honorary Professor at Sichuan Normal University, China, and Researcher at the Research Centre for Multi-c ulture, China. Routledge Research in International and Comparative Education This is a series that offers a global platform to engage scholars in continuous academic debate on key challenges and the latest thinking on issues in the fast-growing field of International and Comparative Education. For more information about the series, please visit www.routledge.com. Books in the series include: Educational Reciprocity and Education for Democracy in Adaptivity England and Finland International Students and Principles and Culture Stakeholders Andrea Raiker and Matti Rautiainen Edited by Abe W. Ata, Ly Thi Tran and Indika Liyanage Transformative Learning through International Service-Learning Transnational Curriculum Towards an ethical ecology of Standards and Classroom education Practices Phillip Bamber The New Meaning of Teaching Ninni Wahlström and The Critical Global Educator Daniel Sundberg Global citizenship education as sustainable development The Effectiveness of Maureen Ellis Mathematics Teaching in Primary Schools Investigating Education in Lessons from England and China Germany Zhenzhen Miao and David Reynolds Historical studies from a British perspective Decolonising Intercultural David Phillips Education Colonial differences, the geopolitics Knowledge Hierarchies in of knowledge, and inter-epistemic Transnational Education dialogue Staging dissensus Robert Aman Jing Qi Educational Reciprocity and Adaptivity International Students and Stakeholders Edited by Abe W. Ata, Ly Thi Tran and Indika Liyanage First published 2018 by Routledge 2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN and by Routledge 711 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10017 Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business © 2018 selection and editorial matter, Abe W. Ata, Ly Thi Tran and Indika Liyanage; individual chapters, the contributors The right of the editors to be identified as the authors of the editorial matter, and of the authors for their individual chapters, has been asserted in accordance with sections 77 and 78 of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers. Trademark notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe. British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data A catalog record for this book has been requested ISBN: 978-1-138-70739-9 (hbk) ISBN: 978-1-315-20141-2 (ebk) Typeset in Bembo by Wearset Ltd, Boldon, Tyne and Wear Contents Notes on contributors viii Acknowledgements xiii Introduction 1 1 Re- examining reciprocity in international education 3 INDIkA LIYANAGE, LY THI TRAN AND ABE W. ATA PART I Institutional or broader educational policies and practices vis- à-vis international students and stakeholders 23 2 Japan’s ‘super global universities’ scheme: why does the number of ‘foreign’ students matter? 25 kAYOkO HASHIMOTO 3 Adaptation for national competitive advantage: policy on international students in the UK 45 SYLvIE LOMER 4 Understanding international students’ adaptation motivation and behaviours: transformative, strategic or conservative? 62 TRANG HOANG AND LY THI TRAN vi Contents PART II The experiences of international students and institutions in negotiating academic and social tensions 83 5 Rethinking the value of international student mobility: a case study of the experience of Myanmar University students in Hong Kong 85 FELIX SAI kIT NG AND WILLIAM YAT WAI LO 6 Navigating through the hostility: international students in Singapore 104 CATHERINE GOMES 7 Rethinking the issue of rights for international students 124 LY THI TRAN AND CHRIS NYLAND 8 Missing dialogue: intercultural experiences of Pakistani students in their first- year studies at a Chinese university 142 MEI TIAN AND JOHN LOWE 9 Sustaining benefits of higher education internationalisation through cross-c ultural adaptation: insights from international students in Malaysia 162 AzADEH SHAFAEI, NORDIN ABD RAzAk, AND HAzRI JAMIL 10 Do academic and social experiences predict sense of belonging? Comparing among American and international undergraduate students 181 kRISHNA BISTA PART III Educational adaptability – instructional practices and international students 193 11 Stretching the global imaginaries of internationalisation: the critical role of intercultural language learning pedagogies 195 ADRIANA R. DíAz Contents vii 12 Reconsidering possibilities for integration of international students in tertiary education 209 INDIkA LIYANAGE AND LAURA GURNEY 13 An investigation into the knowledge, education and attitudes of male and female international students in Australia to the International English Language Testing System (IELTS) 224 ABE W. ATA 14 “Is plagiarism a learned sin?” Textuality, meaning- making, and the rules of the academic game 242 TOMAS zAHORA AND BARBARA YAzBECk Index 255 Contributors Abe W. Ata is of a Palestinian Lebanese Australian background, born in Bethlehem. He graduated in social psychology at the American University of Beirut, and was soon nominated as a delegate to the United Nations’ World Youth Assembly in New York. He gained his doctorate at the University of Melbourne in 1980 and has since been teaching and researching at several Australian, American, Jordanian, West Bank and Danish universities, currently at Deakin University, and Adjunct Professor at Swinburne University. His publications span 124 journal articles, 18 books and 23 entries in the Encyclopaedia of Australian religions (2009); Ency- clopaedia of the Australian people (2001) and the Encyclopaedia of Melbourne (2005). Several of his books were nominated for the Prime Minister’s Book Awards including International education and cultural- linguistic experi- ences of international students in Australia (Australian Academic Press, 2015). He was also nominated as Australian of the Year in 2015 and 2011. Krishna Bista is Associate Professor in the Department of Advanced Studies, Leadership and Policy at Morgan State University. His research focuses on college student experiences related to classroom participation, perceptions of academic integrity, faculty–student relationships, role of advisors, and cross- cultural teaching and learning strategies in higher education. Previ- ously, he served as the director of Global Education at the University of Louisiana at Monroe, where he was also Chase Endowed Professor of Education in the School of Education. Adriana R. Díaz is Lecturer at the School of Languages and Cultures, University of Queensland, Australia. Her main research activities focus on the development of intercultural competence, the variables affecting the implementation of intercultural language curricula and teaching methodol- ogies as well as teachers’ journeys in the development of intercultural lan- guage learning pedagogies. She is the author of Developing critical languaculture pedagogies in higher education: Theory and practice (Multilingual Matters, 2013) and co-e ditor (with Maria Dasli) of the volume The critical turn in language and intercultural communication pedagogy: Theory, research and practice (Routledge, 2017). Contributors ix Catherine Gomes is Senior Lecturer at RMIT University in Melbourne and recently completed an Australian Research Council DECRA (Dis- covery Early Career Research Award) fellowship. Her work covers migra- tion, transnationalism and diasporas, particularly transient migration in Australia and Singapore with special interest in international students, their well- being, their social networks and their media and communication use. She is founding editor of Transitions: Journal of Transient Migration (Intellect Books). Her recent books include Transient mobility and middle class identity: Media and migration in Australia and Singapore (Palgrave Macmillan, 2017), International student connectedness and identity: transnational perspectives (with Ly Thi Tran, Springer, 2017), The Asia Pacific in the age of transnational mobility: The search for community and identity on and through social media (Anthem Press, 2016) and Multiculturalism through the lens: A guide to ethnic and migrant anxieties in Singapore (Ethos Books, 2015). Laura Gurney (PhD) is a Research Fellow in the School of Education, Deakin University. Her areas of specialisation include teacher learning and professional development, languages education, internationalisation of higher education and academic literacies. As a language teacher, language teacher educator and professional development facilitator, she has worked extensively with students and practitioners from a variety of educational settings in the Asia Pacific. Kayoko Hashimoto is Lecturer at the School of Languages and Cultures, The University of Queensland, Australia. Her main research areas are lan- guage policy, English language teaching (ELT) in Asia, and Japan’s lan- guage education. Her recent publications include an edited book Japanese language and soft power in Asia (Palgrave Macmillan, 2018), Towards post- native-speakerism: Dynamics and shifts (Springer, forthcoming) coedited by S. Houghton, and Beyond native- speakerism: Current explorations and future visions (Routledge, forthcoming), co-a uthored with S. A. Houghton and D. J. Rivers. She has been Language and Education Thematic Editor of Asian Studies Review. Trang Hoang is a PhD candidate at Deakin University. She received her B. Ed. English Language Teaching (2003) from Ho Chi Minh City Univer- sity of Pedagogy and M.Ed. Studies (2006) from the University of Western Australia. Her research interests are international student motivation, adaptation, identity and aspirations. Her PhD research forms part of the Australian Research Council funded project that studies secondary school international students in Australia. Hazri Jamil is an Associate Professor specializing in the areas of Curriculum and Pedagogy, Educational Policy and Higher Education Studies. He is Coordinator for global Higher Education Network (gHEN) and Coordi- nator for Academic and Postgraduate Program at National Higher Educa- tion Research Institute, Universiti Sains Malaysia. He has been a project