Educational Measurement and Evaluation

399 Pages·2013·3.02 MB·English

Educational Measurement and
Evaluation
DEDU504
Edited by:
Dr. Dinesh Kumar
'kSf{kd ekiu rFkk ewY;kadu
EDUCATIONAL MEASUREMENT
AND EVALUATION
Edited By
Dr. Dinesh Kumar
Printed by
USI PUBLICATIONS
2/31, Nehru Enclave, Kalkaji Extn.,
New Delhi-110019
for
Lovely Professional University
Phagwara
ikB~;Øe
(SYLLABUS)
'kSf{kd ekiu rFkk ewY;kadu
(Educational Measurement and Evaluation)
mí's ;% 1- ekiu rFkk ewY;kadu dh mi;ksfxrk ls fo|kfFkZ;ksa dks ifjfpr djokukA
2- fofHkUu izdkj osQ euksoSKkfud ijh{k.kksa ls fo|kfFZk;ksa dks ifjfpr djokukA
3- miyfC/ ijh{k.k osQ fuekZ.k osQ pj.kksa rFkk ,d vPNs ijh{k.k (ekudhÑr rFkk vekudhÑr) dh fo'ks"krkvksa ls fo|kFkhZ ifjfpr
gksaxsA
Objectives:
To enable the learners to :
1. Familiarise with the utility of measurement evaluation.
2. Familiarise with different kinds of psychological tests.
3. Understand the steps of the construction of an achievement test and the characteristics of good test and type of test
i.e. standardized and non-standardised tests.
Sr. No. Description
1. Measurement and evaluation: concept, need, scope; difference and relevance.
Educational testing and assessment: concept, context, issues and current trends.
Scales of measurement: ordinal, nominal, interval, ratio.
2. Characteristics of a good test. Planning for different types of test. Validity--
types and methods and usability. Reliability-- types and methods and usability.
3. Test construction. Test standardization. Item analysis: Item difficulty,
discrimination index. Effectiveness of distracters. Development of Norms of a
test.
4. Conversion of raw scores into standard scores, T-scores, C-scores, Z-
scores, Stanine scores, percentiles. Interpretation of test scores: qualitative
and quantitative.
5. Criterion referenced test, Norm reference test, Factors influencing test scores:
nature of test, psychological factors and environmental factors.
6. Integrated approach of evaluation. Marking system: need, problems and
components. Grading—need, problems, components and methods. Methods of
feedback for students
7. Semester system vs annual system, Continuous assessment, Portfolio assessment
Question bank, Use of computer in evaluation.
8. Achievement test: concept, types and construction. Diagnostic test: concept and
construction, remedial teaching. Objective type test: advantages and limitations
9. Short answer type test: advantages and limitations. Essay type test: advantages
and limitations
10. Formative and Summative Evaluation. Measurement of Attitude,
Aptitude, personality and intelligence
fo"k;&lwph

bdkbZ i`"B la[;k
(Units) (CONTENTS) (Page No.)
'kSf{kd ijh{k.k rFkk ewY;kadu
1. (Educational Testing and Assessment: Concept, Context,
Issues and Current Trends) 1
Dinesh Kumar, Lovely Professional University
ekiu rFkk ewY;kadu
2. (Measurement and evaluation: Concept, Need, Scope; Difference and Relevance) 27
Kulwinder Pal, Lovely Professional University
ekiu dh vuqekifu;k¡
3. (Scales of Measurement) 37
Dinesh Kumar, Lovely Professional University
vPNs ijh{k.k osQ xq.k
4. (Characteristics of a Good Test) 49
Kulwinder Pal, Lovely Professional University
fofHkUu izdkj osQ ijh{k.kksa dh ;kstuk cukuk
5. (Planning for Different Type of Test) 56
Dinesh Kumar, Lovely Professional University
oSèkrk&izdkj] fofèk;k¡ rFkk mi;ksfxrk
6. (Validity-Types, Methods and Usability) 62
Dinesh Kumar, Lovely Professional University
fo'oluh;rk% izdkj] fof/;k¡ rFkk mi;ksxA
7. (Reliability-- Types and Methods and Usability) 87
Kulwinder Pal, Lovely Professional University
ijh{k.k fuekZ.k
8. (Test Construction) 114
Dinesh Kumar, Lovely Professional University
ijh{k.k izekihdj.k
9. (Test Standardization) 128
Kulwinder Pal, Lovely Professional University
in fo'ys"k.k% in dfBurk] foHksnhdj.k lwph] fod"kZu dh izHkko'khyrk
10. (Conversion of Raw
Scores into Standard Scores, T-scores, C-scores, Z-scores, Stanine Scores, Percentiles) 136
Dinesh Kumar, Lovely Professional University
ijh{k.k osQ ekud dk fodkl
11. (Development of Norms of a Test) 159
Kulwinder Pal, Lovely Professional University
vifj"Ñr izkIrkad dk izekihÑr izkIrkad esa ifjorZu Vh&izkIrkad] lh&izkIrkad] tSM&izkIrkad] LVsukbu izkIrkadA
12.
(Norms of Raw Scores into Standard Scores ) 171
Dinesh Kumar, Lovely Professional University
ekun.M lacaf/r ijh{k.k
13. (Criterion Referenced Test) 193
Kulwinder Pal, Lovely Professional University
ekud lacaf/r ijh{k.k
14. (Norm Referenced Test) 197
Dinesh Kumar, Lovely Professional University
izkIrkad ij izHkkoh dkjd % ijh{k.k dk izdkj] eukSoSKkfud dkjd rFkk i;kZoj.kh; dkjd
15.
(Factors Influencing Test Scores: Nature of Test, Psychological Factors and Environmental Factors) 201
Kulwinder Pal, Lovely Professional University
ewY;kadu lesfdr vf/xe dh fof/;k¡
16. (Integrated Approach of Evaluation) 207
Dinesh Kumar, Lovely Professional University
ek²dx iz.kkyh % vko';drk] leL;k,¡] ?kVd
17. (Marking System: Need, Problems, Components) 222
Kulwinder Pal, Lovely Professional University
xzs¯Mxμvko';drk] leL;k,¡] ?kVd rFkk fofèk;k¡
18. (Grading—Need, Problems, Components and Methods) 235
Dinesh Kumar, Lovely Professional University
Nk=kksa osQ fy, i`"Biks"k.k dh fofèk;k¡
19. (Methods of Feedback for Students) 242
Kulwinder Pal, Lovely Professional University
l=k iz.kkyh cuke okf"kZd iz.kkyh
20. (Semester System vs Annual System) 270
Dinesh Kumar, Lovely Professional University
lrr~ ijh{k.k
21. (Continuous Assessment) 275
Kulwinder Pal, Lovely Professional University
iksVZIkQksfy;ks ewY;kadu
22. (Portfolio Assessment) 281
Dinesh Kumar, Lovely Professional University
iz'u cSad
23. (Question Bank) 288
Dinesh Kumar, Lovely Professional University
ewY;kadu esa dEI;wVj dk mi;ksx
24. (Use of Computer in Evaluation) 294
Kulwinder Pal, Lovely Professional University
fu"ifÙk ijh{k.k % vo/kj.kk] izdkj rFkk fuekZ.k
25. (Achievement Test : Concept, Types and Construction) 303
Dinesh Kumar, Lovely Professional University
funkukRed ijh{k.k% vo/kj.kk] izdkj rFkk mipkjkRed f'k{k.k
26. (Diagnostic Test : Concept, Types
and Remedial Teaching) 316
Kulwinder Pal, Lovely Professional University
oLrqfu"B ijh{kk,¡ % ykHk rFkk lhek,¡
27. (Objective Type Test : Advantages and Limitations) 327
Dinesh Kumar, Lovely Professional University
y?kq mÙkjh; iz'u ijh{k.k % ykHk rFkk lhek,¡
28. (Short Answer Type Test : Advantages and Limitations) 339
Kulwinder Pal, Lovely Professional University
fuca/kRed ijh{k.k % ykHk rFkk lhek,¡
29. (Essay Type Test : Advantages and Limitations) 346
Dinesh Kumar, Lovely Professional University
vfHko`fÙk] izo.krk] O;fDrRo rFkk cqf¼ dk ekiu
30. (Measurement of Attitude, Aptitude, Personality
and Intelligence) 353
Kulwinder Pal, Lovely Professional University
bdkbZ % 'kSf{kd ijh{k.k rFkk ewY;kadu
Dinesh Kumar, Lovely Professional University —1
bdkbZμ1% 'kSf{kd ijh{k.k rFkk ewY;kadu ukVs
(Educational Testing and Assessment: Concept,
Context, Issues and Current Trends)

vuqØef.kdk
(Contents)
mís';
(Objectives)
izLrkouk
(Introduction)
'kSf{kd ijh{k.k dk vFkZ
1.1 (Meaning of Educational Testing)
'kSf{kd ijh{k.k dk lanHkZ
1.2 (Context of Educational Testing)
'kSf{kd ijh{k.k dh leL;k,¡
1.3 (Issues of Educational Testing)
'kSf{kd ijh{k.k dh uohure izo`fÙk;k¡
1.4 (Current Trends in Testing)
'kSf{kd ewY;kadu dk vFkZ
1.5 (Meaning of Educational Assessment)
'kSf{kd ewY;kadu dk lanHkZ
1.6 (Context of Educational Assessment)
'kSf{kd ewY;kadu dh leL;k,¡
1.7 (Issues of Educational Assessment)
ewY;kadu dh orZeku iz.kkyh dh uohure leL;k,¡
1.8 (Current Trends of Present system of
Education)
lkjka'k
1.9 (Summary)
'kCndks'k
1.10 (Keywords)
vH;kl&iz'u
1.11 (Review Questions)
lanHkZ iqLrosaQ
1.12 (Further Readings)
Imís';
(Objectives)
bl bdkbZ dk vè;;u djus osQ i'pkr~ fo|kFkhZ ;ksX; gksaxsμ
• 'kSf{kd ijh{k.k osQ vFkZ ,oa lanHkZ dks le>us esaA
• 'kSf{kd ijh{k.k dh uohu izo`fÙk;ksa vkSj 'kSf{kd ewY;kadu osQ vFkZ dh O;k[;k djus esaA
• orZeku ewY;kadu iz.kkyh dh uohu leL;kvksa dh leh{kk djus esaA
izLrkouk
(Introduction)
f'k{kk osQ {ks=k esa ijh{k.k rFkk ewY;kadu nksuksa gh LrEHk dk dk;Z djrs gSaA ijh{k.k }kjk Nk=k dh ikB~;oLrq lacaèkh
miyfCèk;ksa dh lwpuk,¡ ,df=kr dh tkrh gSa] rFkk ewY;kadu fd;k tkrk gSA ijh{k.k rFkk ewY;kadu ,d nwljs
osQ iwjd gSaA
iajijkxr <ax ls tks izkekf.kd fu"ifÙk ijh{kk rFkk f'k{kd }kjk fu£er ijh{k.k cuk;s tkrs gSa] mudk y{;
LOVELY PROFESSIONAL UNIVERSITY 1
'kSf{kd ekiu rFkk ewY;kadu
ukVs ikB~;Øe lEcafèkr miyfCèk;ksa dk ekiu djus dk gS] vkSj Nk=kksa dh miyfCèk Lrj dk ewY;kadu lewg esa
Lrjhdj.k osQ :i esa fd;k tkrk gSA
bu ijh{k.kksa osQ ewY;kadu }kjk Nk=kksa dks lgk;rk iznku dh tkrh gS ftlls os ;g vuqHko dj losaQ fd dgk¡
rd mUgksaus vius mn~ns';ksa dh iw£r dh gSA bl bdkbZ esa Nk=k ijh{k.k rFkk ewY;kadu dk foLr`r vè;;u djsaxsA
1-1 'kSf{kd ijh{k.k dk vFkZ
(Meaning of Educational Testing)
'kfS{kd ijh{k.k dk rkRi; Z ijh{kk i.z kkyh l s g S ftloQs vUrxrZ fo|kFkh Z fo"k; oQs ikB;~ Øe oQs i'z uk as oQs mÙkj fuf'pr
le; osQ vUnj] fyf[kr vFkok ekSf[kd :i ls nsrs gSaA ijh{k.k fdlh Hkh ijh{kk iz.kkyh vFkok ewY;kadu dh lcls
vfèkd egRoiw.kZ rFkk izHkkoh rduhd gSA ijh{k.k }kjk gh ewY;kadu gsrq vk¡dM+s rFkk lwpuk izkIr dh tkrh gSA
1-2 'kSf{kd ijh{k.k dk lanHkZ
(Context of Educational Testing)
ijh{k.k dk fuekZ.k djuk rFkk lksn~ns'; rjhosQ ls ijh{k.k dk iz;kstu djuk ,d ftEesnkjhiw.kZ dk;Z gSA ,d mÙke
ijh{k.k ekudhÑr gksrk gSA osQ fuekZ.k oqQN fuf'pr izfØ;k,¡ gksrh gSa] tks vko';d gksrs gSaA ijh{k.k osQ lanHkZ esa
fuEufyf[kr rF;ksa dk vè;;u djsaxsA
1-2-1 ijh{k.k dh fo'ks"krk,¡
1- lksís';iw.kZrk μmÙke ijh{k.k dh ^lksís';iw.krZ k* ,d eq[; fo'ks"krk gAS dgus dk rkRi; Z ;g
(Purposiveness)
gS fd fdlh Hkh izdkj dh ijh{kk dk fuekZ.k djus ls iwoZ mlosQ fof'k"V mís'; fuèkkZfjr
(Specific objectives)
dj ysus pkfg;sA ijh{kk pkgs funkukRed gS] miyfCèk ekiu gsrq gS] O;fDrRo ekiu gsrq vFkok cqf¼ ekiu gsrq
fu£er dh xbZ gS] izR;sd osQ mís'; fHkUu gksaxsA blh n`f"V ls ,d mÙke ijh{k.k dk fuekZ.k mlh fLFkfr esa lEHko
gS tcfd gekjs ikl dksbZ mís';] y{; vFkok leL;k gksA vewrZ ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa ijh{k.k dh jpuk dnkfi lEHko
ugha gks ldrh D;ksafd ijh{k.k rks lnSo gh mís'; iw£r dk ,d lkèku&ek=k gSA tc gekjs le{k dksbZ mís'; gh ugha
gksaxs rks lkèkuksa dh D;k lkFkZdrk jg tk;sxhA blhfy;s fdlh Hkh ijh{k.k dh jpuk djus ls iwoZ leL;k] y{; ;k
mís'; osQ lEcUèk esa fu.kZ; dj ysuk vko';d gks tkrk gSA
2- O;kidrk μO;kidrk ls rkRi;Z ;g gS fd ijh{kk ftl ;ksX;rk dk ekiu djus osQ
(Comprehensiveness)
fy;s cuk;h xbZ gS ml ;ksX;rk osQ leLr {ks=k rFkk ftl ikB~;Øe ij vkèkkfjr gks mlosQ leLr igyqvksa ij iz'u
iNw s tk;Aas ftruk vfèkd dkbs Z ijh{k.k ikB;~ Øe ,o a mloQs fofHkUu v'a kk as ,o a {k=s kk as l s lEcfUèkr gkxs k mruk gh O;kid
dgyk;sxkA bl izdkj iz'uksa dh la[;k cgqr vfèkd gks tk;sxhA vr% ;g vko';d gS fd iz'u NksVs&NksVs gksus
pkfg;As O;kidrk oQs bl x.q k oQs vUrxrZ ijh{k.k dk og ikz#i vk tkrk g S ftloQs }kjk ijh{k.k ml ;kXs;rk
(Trait)
osQ fofHkUu i{kksa dk ekiu djus esa leFkZ gks ldrk gS] ftlosQ ekiu gsrq mldk fuekZ.k fd;k x;k gSA ijh{k.k ek=k
ijh{kkFkhZ osQ O;ogkj osQ ,d gh i{k dk ewY;kadu u djs cfYd tgk¡ rd gks losQ iwjs ikB~;Øe ls lEcfUèkr gksaA
3- ferO;;rk μijh{k.k fuekZ.k djrs le; ijh{k.k fuekZrk dks ;g vo'; è;ku j[kuk pkfg;s fd
(Economical)
ijh{k.k èku dh n`f"V ls vuqlUèkkudrkZ osQ fy;s eg¡xk fl¼ u gksA ijh{k.k fuekZrk dh ;g dksf'k'k jguh pkfg;s
fd ijh{k.k vuko';d :i l s foLrr` u gk s tk;As ijh{k.k oQs Lo:i oQs vu#q i ftu vfr egRoi.w k Z ink as oQs leko's k
l s ijh{k.k mí's ;k as dh i£wr gk s loQs oQsoy mUgh a ink as dk s ijh{k.k e as LFkku fn;k tkuk pkfg;As O;Fk Z oQs ink as dk s ijh{k.k
esa lfEefyr djosQ ek=k ijh{k.k yEckbZ dh vkSipkfjdrk iwjh u dh tk;sA lkFk gh] mÙkj izi=k
(Response Sheet)
vR;Ur oqQ'kyrkiwoZd rS;kj dh tk;s rkfd izi=k vfèkd foLr`r u gks tk;sA la{ksi esa] ,d mÙke ijh{k.k le; ,oa
èku dh n`f"V ls ferO;;h gksuk pkfg;sA
4- xkzárk μ,d vPN s ijh{k.k e as xkzárk dk x.q k gkus k Hkh vfuok; Z gAS xkzárk l s rkRi; Z gμS fdlh
(Acceptability)
Hkh ijh{k.k dk mu O;fDr;ksa ij rFkk mu ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa liQyrkiwoZd iz'kkflr fd;k tkuk ftudks vkèkkj cukdj
2 LOVELY PROFESSIONAL UNIVERSITY
bdkbZ % 'kSf{kd ijh{k.k rFkk ewY;kadu
—1
ml ijh{k.k fo'ks"k dh ekudhdj.k izfØ;k lEiUu dh xbZ gSA ijh{k.k eq[;r% ukVs
(Process of Standardization)
nks idz kj osQ gksrs gaμS vè;kid fu£er ijh{k.k rFkk ekudhÑr ijh{k.kA vè;kid fu£er ijh{k.kksa dh ;gh ,d eq[;
lhek gksrh gS fd mudk iz;ksx {ks=k vR;Ur lhfer gksrk gS rFkk budk liQy iz'kklu d{kk ifjfLFkfr;ksa ij vR;Ur
fuHkZj djrk gSA
5- izfrfufèkRok μl`f"V dh dksb Z lhek ughaA dksb Z Hkh O;fDr ;g nkok ugha dj ldrk fd
(Representativeness)
ftruk Kku og j[krk gS mlosQ vkxs oqQN gS gh ughaA ysfdu fiQj Hkh ge bl izdkj osQ nkos vkRe fo'okl osQ
lkFk djrs gSa] tSls&fo'o esa lkjs dkSos dkys gksrs gSaA vc ;g rks gS ugha fd bl izdkj dh ?kks"k.kk djus okys O;fDr
us iwjs fo'o dk Hkze.k djosQ ,slh ckr dgh gks] D;ksafd ,slk djuk lEHko gh ugha gSA oLrqr% ge iwjh tula[;k
dks ysdj dksbZ vuqlUèkku dk;Z vo'; djrs gSa ysfdu iwjh tula[;k osQ vk¡dM+s ugha ys ikrsA vr% mlesa ls ,d
foLr`r U;kn'kZ ys ysrs gSa ftl ij gekjk lEiw.kZ vuqlaèkku dk;Z vkèkkfjr gksrk gSA
(Representative Sample)
,d mÙke ijh{k.k dh n`f"V ls mlesa ;g fo'ks"krk gksuh pkfg;s fd og izfrfufèk dgk tk losQA dgus dk rkRi;Z
;g gS fd O;fDr osQ O;ogkj osQ ftl U;kn'kZ dk ekiu djus osQ fy;s ijh{k.k dh jpuk dh xbZ gS mldk ekiu
ijh{k.k izfrfufèkRo ls dj losQA
(1) ekudhÑr μ,d mÙke ijh{k.k ekudhÑr gksrk gSA bldk vFkZ ;g gS fd ijh{k.k
(Standardized)
esa fn;s tkus okys iz'uksa] funsZ'kksa] ijh{kk ysus dh fofèk;ksa rFkk iz'kklu ,oa iQykadu izfØ;k dks igys ls
gh fuf'pr dj fy;k x;k gks rkfd ewY;kadu oLrqfu"B rjhosQ ls fd;k tk losQA lh- oh- xqM
osQ vuqlkjμ,d ekudhÑr ijh{k.k og gS ftlesa fo"k;oLrq dk p;u vuqHko osQ vkèkkj
(C.V.Good)
ij fd;k x;k gks] ftlosQ iz'kklu ,oa iQykadu dh le:i fofèk;ksa dks fodflr fd;k x;k gks rFkk
iQykadu dks oLrqfu"B fofèk ls fd;k x;k gksA
(2) oLrqfu"Brk μfdlh Hkh ijh{k.k dk oLrqfu"Bk gksuk vR;Ur vko';d gS D;ksafd bldk
(Objectivity)
izHkko fo'oluh;rk ,oa oSèkrk nksuksa ij gh iM+rk gSA okLro esa tks ijh{kk oLrqfu"Bk ugha gksrh og oSèk
rFkk fo'oluh; Hkh ugha gks ldrhA dksb Z ijh{kk oLrqfu"B rc gksrh g S tc mlosQ i'z uksa osQ mÙkjksa ij vad
nsrs le; fofHk O;fDr;ksa dk erHksn u gks] ftlosQ iz'uksa dh O;k[;k ;k ftuosQ vFkZ fHkUu&fHkUu izdkj
ls u fd;s tk ldrs gksa] ftuosQ mÙkj fcYoqQy Bhd ;k fcYoqQy v'kq¼ gksa vkSj mu ij vad nsrs le;
fofHkUu O;fDr;ksa esa erHksn u gksrk gksA la{ksi esa] og ijh{kk oLrqfu"B dgykrh gS ftl ij ijh{kd dk
O;fDrxr izHkko ugha iM+rk gSA
(3) foHkns dkfjrk μ,d mÙke ijh{k.k e as foHkns dkfjrk dk x.q k vfuok; Z :i l s fo|eku
(Discriminative)
jgrk gSA oLrqr% foHksndkjh ijh{kk ml ijh{kk dks dgrs gSa tks mPp ;ksX;rk ,oa fuEu ;ksX;rk okys
fo|k£Fk;k as e as Hkns crk loQas vFkkrZ ]~ ;g ijh{k.k ifzrHkk'kkyh ,o a eUncfq¼ ckydk as e as vUrj Li"V dj loQsA
bl mís'; ls ijh{kk osQ iz'u oqQN tfVy cuk;s tkrs gSa vkSj oqQN ljy ftlls fd mUgsa nksuksa izdkj osQ
fo|kFkhZ gy dj losaQA ijh{k.k dh ;g fo'ks"krk gksuh pkfg;s fd oqQN vPNs fo|k£Fk;ksa dks vfèkd vad
feysa rFkk detksj fo|k£Fk;ksa dks de vad feysaA
(4) fo'oluh;rk μ,d mÙke euksoSKkfud ijh{k.k dh lcls egRoiw.kZ fo'ks"krk mldh
(Reliability)
fo'oluh;rk gS vFkkZr~] ftl ij fo'okl fd;k tk losQA fo'oluh;rk ls gekjk rkRi;Z ,slh ijh{kk ls
gS ftldks ckj&ckj iz'kkflr djus ij ,d ls gh fu"d"kZ izkIr gksaA
vFkkZr~] ;fn fdlh ijh{kk osQ ifj.kke iquiZjh{k.k osQ
‘If refers to the consistency of measurement’
i'pkr~ leku ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa ,d leku cus jgrs gSa rks ml ijh{kk dks fo'oluh; ekuk tkrk gS bl
izdkj fdlh ijh{kk dh fo'oluh;rk ijh{kk esa U;kn'kZ dh ek=kk rFkk vadksa dh
(Sample size)
oLrqfu"Brk ij fuHkZj djrh gSA fo'oluh;rk dk lEcUèk ekiu dh ;FkkFkZrk ls gSA fdlh Hkh izdkj osQ
ekiu esa dksbZ Hkh =kqfV u gks lEHko ugha gksrkA
LOVELY PROFESSIONAL UNIVERSITY 3
'kSf{kd ekiu rFkk ewY;kadu
ukVs (5) oSèkrk μoSèkrk fdlh Hkh ijh{k.k dk ,d vR;Ur vko';d xq.k gS D;ksafd tc rd dksbZ
(Validity)
ijh{k.k oSèk ugha gS og mi;ksxh ugha gks ldrkA
bldk vk'k; ;g gS fd ;fn dksbZ ijh{k.k ogh
“Validity means truthfulness or purposiveness of a test.”
ekiu djrk gSA ftldk ekiu djus osQ fy;s mldk fuekZ.k gqvk gS rks og ijh{k.k oSèk dgykrk gSA izR;sd ijh{kk
dk fuekZ.k fdlh u fdlh iz;kstu dks è;ku esa j[kdj gh fd;k tkrk gSA ;fn dksbZ ijh{k.k fdlh Js.kh vFkok Lrj
osQ fo|k£Fk;ksa osQ fy;s mlh fo"k; vFkok fo'ks"krk dk gh ekiu djrk gS ftlosQ fy;s mldk fuekZ.k fd;k x;k gS
rks og ijh{kk oSèk ekuh tkrh gSA bl izdkj ge dg ldrs gSa fd] ¶oSèkrk dk vFkZ gS og dk;Z oqQ'kyrk
(Valid)
ftlls dksbZ ijh{k.k ml rF; dk ekiu djrk gS ftlosQ fy;s og cuk;k x;k gSA
,d ekudhÑr ijh{k.k dk iz;ksx O;kidrk ls fd;k tk ldrk gSA ekudhdj.k osQ vHkko esa ijh{k.k
dk dksbZ vFkZ ugha gksrk] pkgs og fdruk gh vPNk D;w¡ u cuk;k x;k gksA izfØ;k osQ vUr esa fofHkÂ
izdkj osQ ekud LFkkfir fd;s tkrs gSa tks ijh{k.k osQ mís';ksa osQ vuq#i gksrs gSaA
1-2-2 ijh{k.k osQ mn~ns';
1- ijh{k.k dks vuqfpr iz;ksx ls cpkus osQ fy, ;g vko';d gS fd loZizFke ijh{k.k osQ vfHkizk;
fuf'pr dj fy, tk;saA
(Purposes)
vfHkizk; mís';ksa ls fHkUu gaSA mís';ksa dk lEcUèk ikB~;oLrq ls gksrk gAS vfHkikz; dk vFkZ
(Purposes) (objectives)
ijh{k.k osQ iz;ksx ls lEcfUèkr gS ;Fkk&ijh{k.k p;u osQ fy;s gS ;k funku osQ fy;s
(Selection Test) (Diagnostic
vFkok d{kksUufr osQ fy, gSA p;u ijh{k.k dh ikB~;oLrq dfBu gksxh D;ksafd geas Js"B 5»
Test) (Promotion)
dh rqyuk djuh gksxh tcfd funkukRed ijh{k.k esa fdlh ,d bdkbZ ikB~;oLrq osQ izR;sd f'k{k.k fcUnq ij vusd
fo'ys"k.kkRed iz'u vkSj d{kksUufr ijh{k.k esa leLr ikB~;Øe dks pquk tkrk gSA
2- mi;qDr ikB~;Øe rFkk mís';ksa dk fo'ys"k.kμ
(d) mi;qDr ikB~;Øe fuèkkZfjr djuk ijh{kk lEcUèkh mís'; fuf'pr
(Selecting appropriate Content):
dj ysus osQ i'pkr~ ijh{k.k fuekZrk mi;qDr ikB~;Øe dk p;u djrk gS ftlosQ vkèkkj ij og ijh{kk dk fuekZ.k
dj loQs ,o a mu lHkh mí's ;k as dh ikzfIr dj loQs tk s mlu s iow Z fuf'pr fd; s gAaS ijh{k.k fuekrZ k dk ,d ek=k mí's ;
mi;qDr ikB~;Øe p;u dh n`f"V ls ;g gksuk pkfg;s fd ftl fo"k; lkexzh dk lekos'k og djuk pkgrk gS og
vfèkd ls vfèkd oèS k cu loQsA vda xf.kr] chtxf.kr rFkk j[s kkxf.kr vkfn fo"k;k as e as ekudhÑr ijh{kkvkas
(Valid)
dk fuekZ.k vfèkd vklkuh ls fd;k tk ldrk gS D;ksafd muosQ f'k{k.k osQ lkekU; vFkok fof'k"V mís';ksa osQ fo"k;
esa dHkh nks er ugha gks ldrsA ftu fo"k;ksa esa ek=k rF;ksa ij vfèkd egÙo fn;k tkrk gS mu fo"k;ks esa ekudhÑr
ijh{kkvksa dk fuekZ.k vklkuh ls fd;k tk ldrk gS ysfdu ftu fo"k;ksa osQ Kku osQ va'k n{krk;sa ,oa ifj.kke ftl
lhek rd vfuf'pr gksrs gSa muesa izekihÑr ijh{kkvksa dk fuekZ.k mruk gh dfBu gks tkrk gS D;ksafd mudk
rUekihdj.k oSlk gh nq#g ,oa tfVy cu tkrk gSA ijh{kk osQ fy, p;fur ikB~;Øe lkekU; izÑfr
(Validation)
dk gh gksuk pkfg;s] fdlh fo|ky; vFkok izns'k fo'ks"k osQ fy, ugha] D;ksafd izekihÑr ijh{kk,¡ dgha Hkh iz;ksx
esa yk;h tk ldrh gSaA
([k) mís'; fuèkkZfjr djuk μfdlh Hkh ijh{kk dk fuekZ.k djus ls iwoZ ijh{k.k
(Determining Objectives)
fuekZrk dk lcls izeq[k mís'; ijh{kk fuekZ.k dk mís'; fuf'pr djuk gksrk gS rkfd mlh osQ vuq:i mi;qDr
ikB~;Øe dk p;u fd;k tk losQ rFkk iz'uksa dk fuekZ.k Hkh fd;k tk losQA mnkgj.k osQ rkSj ij] ;fn ge xf.kr
esa fdlh ijh{k.k dk fuekZ.k djuk pkgrs gSa] rks gekjs nks izeq[k mís'; gks ldrs gSaA izFke] fo|kFkhZ dh roZQ 'kfDr]
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