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Educational Administration: Concepts and Practices PDF

273 Pages·2011·158.6 MB·English
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. ,it • ~. I ,. r' I r. Educational Administration ··· :l ~},-y~;:· ~ Fred C. Lunenburg Sam Houston State University Allan C. Ornstein St. John's University /! . . 'I J, I~ "_'], ,. i '; ~ ' ~. "" • ~ • A;. l I ~ ~ : • : 't ·.' I ~ 4 .. • .. . fI l, • I ' ,/" ' ·: - I I ~- WADSWORTH I CENGAGE Learning· Australia• Brazil• Japan• Korea• Mexico• Singapore• Spain • United Kingdom• United States fY\ . ~ 0 ~ 1'~ L~. b 1 ~rw\i:J~ WADSWORTH ,l t " a• CENGAGE Learning- .I Contents EducationalA dministration: © 2012, 2008, 2004 Wadsworth, Cengage Learning Conceptsa nd Practices,S ixth Edition All RIGHTS RESERVED.N o part of this work covered by the copyright ~ -;,. ~ Fred C. Lunenburga nd Allan C. Ornstein herein may be reproduced, transmitted, stored or used in any form Publisher: Linda Schreiber-Ganster or by any means graphic, electronic, or mechanical, including but not limited to photocopying, recording, scanning, digitizing, taping, Web Acquisitions Editor: Mark Kerr Development Editor: Caitlin Cox ,dsiysstrtiebmutsio, enx, ceinpfto rams apteiormn ittneedt wuonrkdse,r oSr eicntfioornm 1a0ti7o no r 1s0to8r aogf eth aen 1d9 r7e6tr ieval Administrative Advice xv Democratic Community 15 Marketing Manager: Kara Kindstrom Parsons . United States Copyright Act, without the prior written permission of PRO/CON Debates xvu Social Justice 16 the publisher. Marketing Communications Manager: Tami Strang Administrator Profiles XlX Emergent Nontraditional Perspectives 18 For product informationa nd technologya ssistance, contact us at Art Director: Maria Epes Schools as Open Systems 20 CengageL earningC ustomer& SalesS upport, 1-800-354-9706 Foreword XXl Manufacturing Manager: Marcia Locke For permissiont o use materialf rom this text or product, Inputs 20 Senior Manufacturing Buyer: Mary Beth submit all requests.o nl ine at cengage.com/permissions Preface XXlll Transformation Process 20 Hennebury Further permissionsq uestions can be emailedt o Rights Acquisition Director: Bob Kauser [email protected] The Authors xxvu Outputs 21 Rights Acquisition Specialist, Text: Dean Feedback 21 Dauphinais Library of Congress Control Number: 2011900768 Environment 21 Rights Acquisition Specialist, Image: Dean ISBN-13: 978-1-111-30124-8 PARTI Fundamental Principles Dauphinais ISBN-10: 1-111-30124-7 and Concepts 1 The Learning Organization 22 Content Project Management: Summary 24 PreMediaGlobal Wadsworth l Development of Administrative Key Terms 25 Production Service: PreMediaGlobal 20 Davis Dr. Theory l Cover Designer: lee Friedman Belmont, CA 94002 Discussion Questions 25 Production House/Compositor: USA Focusing Questions 1 Suggested Readings 25 PreMediaGlobal What Is Theory? 2 Cengage Learning is a leading provider of customized learning solutions with office locations around the globe, including Singapore, the United Theory and Research 2 2 Organizational Structure 27 Kingdom, Australia, Mexico, Brazil, and Japan. locate your local office at: international.cengage.com/region Uses of Theory 3 Focusing Questions 27 Development of Administrative Thought 6 What is Organizational Structure? 28 Cengage learning products are represented in Canada by Nelson Education, Ltd. Classical Organizational Theory 6 Job Specialization 28 \ I. Scientific Management 6 Departmentalization 28 For your course and learning solutions, visit www.cengage.com Administrative Management 7 Chain of Command 29 Purchase any of our products at your local college store or at our preferred online store www.cengagebrain.com Human Relations Approach 8 Authority and Responsibility 29 The Hawthorne Studies 8 Centralization/Decentralization 29 Other Contributors to the Human Line and Staff Authority 29 Relations Approach 9 I Span of Management 30 Behavioral Science Approach 10 The Bureaucratic Model 30 Post-Behavioral Science Era 13 Bureaucratic Characteristics 30 School Improvement 13 Bureaucratic Dysfunctions 32 Printed in the United States of America 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 15 14 13 12 11 J V I Contents Contents vii The Participatory Management Model 32 Theory Z 63 Discussion Questions 98 6 Decision Making 135 Theory X and Theory Y 33 A Typology of Organizational Culture 65 Suggested Readings 98 Individual versus Organization 34 Organizational Climate 67 Focusing Questions 135 5 Leadership System 4 Organization 34 Open and Closed Climates 67 99 The Nature of Decision Making 135 Moral Leadership 37 Healthy and Sick Schools 69 Focusing Questions 99 Types of Decisions 136 School-Based Management 37 Comprehensive Assessment of School The Nature of Leadership 99 How Are Decisions Made? 137 Environments (CASE) 70 Frames of Organization 38 Leadership Defined 100 The Rational Model 137 Pupil Control Ideology 72 Alternative Models of Organizational Structure 40 Leadership and Management 101 The Bounded Rationality Model 139 Summary 76 Compliance Theory 40 Trait Theories 102 Road Map to Decision Making: Key Terms 77 The Decision Tree 142 Mechanistic-Organic Organizations 41 Emotional Intelligence 104 Discussion Questions 77 Benefits of Group Decision Making 145 Behavior Theories Strategy-Structure Typology 44 106 Suggested Readings 77 Problems with Group Decision Making 147 The Iowa Studies: Authoritarian, The School as a Social System 48 Democratic, and Laissez-Faire Leadership 106 Groupthink 147 Dimensions of a Social System 48 The Ohio State Studies: Initiating Risky Shift 149 Expanded Model: Cultural Dimensions 49 PARTI I Administrative Processes 79 Structure and Consideration 107 Escalation of Commitment 149 Getzels's Latest Model: Communities The Michigan Studies: Production Dimension 51 4 Motivation 79 Centered and Employee Centered 108 Group Decision-Making Techniques 150 Brainstorming 150 Summary 52 Leadership Grid: A Contemporary Focusing Questions 79 Extension 109 Nominal Group Technique 151 Key Terms 52 Defining Motivation 79 Contingency Theories 111 Delphi Technique 152 Discussion Questions 52 Content Theories 80 Fiedler's Contingency Theory 111 Devil's Advocacy 153 Suggested Readings 53 Need Hierarchy Theory 81 I Path-Goal Theory 114 Dialectical Inquiry 153 Existence Relatedness Growth Theory 83 Leadership Styles Summary 154 117 3 Organizational Culture 54 Motivation-Hygiene Theory 84 Leadership Style Continuum 117 Key Terms 155 Learned Needs Theory 87 Focusing Questions 54 Three-Dimensional Leadership Styles 119 Discussion Questions 155 What is Organizational Culture? 54 Content Motivation Theories: Situational Leadership Styles 120 Suggested Readings 155 Similarities and Conclusions 88 Definition of Organizational Culture 55 Other Contemporary Perspectives 123 Process Theories 89 Uniformity of Culture 56 Synergistic Leadership Theory 123 7 Communication 157 Self-Efficacy Theory 89 Creating, Maintaining, and Changing Leader-Member Exchange Theory 125 Focusing Questions 157 Sources of Self-Efficacy 90 Organizational Culture 57 Reciprocal Influence Theory 125 Creating Organizational Culture 57 Expectancy Theorx 91 The Importance of Communication 158 Substitutes for Leadership Values 57 Basic Expectancy Model 91 Transformational Leadership 112267 The Communication Process 158 Maintaining Organizational Culture 59 Equity Theory 92 Summary 132 Develop an Idea 158 Encode 159 Changing Organizational Culture 61 Goal-Setting Theory 94 Key Terms 132 Transmit 159 Effects of Organizational Culture 62 Summary 97 Discussion Questions 132 Receive 159 Views of Excellence 62 Key Terms 97 Suggested Readings 133 Decode 159 Contents Contents Accept 159 Understanding 177 Kotter's Eight-Step Plan 192 Title 218 Use 159 Feedback 177 Harris's Five-Phase Model 193 Bilingual Education 218 Feedback 159 Listening 178 Organizational Development 194 Education for the Handicapped 219 Nonverbal Communication 160 Summary 180 Total Quality Management 194 The Call for Excellence 221 Kinesics 160 Key Terms 180 Strategic Planning 196 Racial and Class Implications 223 Proxemics 161 Discussion Questions 181 Survey Feedback 199 Reform Reports on Excellence 224 Paralanguage 162 Suggested Readings 181 Job Enrichment 200 Need for Caution 225 Chronemics 162 Laboratory Training 202 State Government and Education 226 Direction of Communication 162 8 Organizational Change 183 Behavioral Performance State Hierarchy of Education 226 Management 203 Downward Communication 163 The Governor 227 Focusing Questions 183 Summary 206 Upward Communication 164 State Legislatures 227 Forces for Change 184 Key Terms 207 Horizontal Communication 165 State Courts 228 Accountability 184 Discussion Questions 207 Diagonal Communication 166 State Education Agencies 229 Changing Demographics 184 Suggested Readings 207 The Grapevine 166 The State Board of Education 229 Staffing Shortages 185 Communication Networks 166 Chief State School Officer 230 Technological Changes and Knowledge Network Patterns 167 Explosion 185 PART Ill The Structural Framework State Departments of Education 231 Network Analysis 168 Processes and People 185 for Education 209 State Reform Movements 232 Communication and Technology 171 Resistance to Change 186 9, Government and Education 209 Lessons to Be Learned 234 Electronic Mail (e-mail) 171 Interference with Need Fulfillment 187 Organization of School Districts 234 Instant Messaging 171 Fear of the Unknown 187 Focusing Questions 209 Size of School Districts 236 The Federal Role in Education 210 Number of School Districts 237 Social Networking 172 Threats to Power and Influence 187 Changing Roles in the Federal Government Students and Schools 238 Web Logs (Blogs) 172 Knowledge and Skill Obsolescence 187 and Education 210 Consolidation of School Districts 239 Presentation Technology 172 Organizational Structure 188 Current Period: 1980s to 2010 211 Decentralization of School Districts 240 Videoconferencing 172 Limited Resources 188 Clarifying the Federal Role in Local School Boards 240 Barriers to Communication 173 Collective Bargaining Agreements 188 Education 213 School Board-Public Problems 242 Frames of Reference 173 Overcoming Resistance to Change 188 The Department of Education 213 School Board Meetings 243 Filtering 174 Participation 188 Federal Programs and Activities in Education 214 School Board Responsibilities 244 Structure 174 Communication 188 Grants for Schools 215 School Board Views on School Reform 246 Information Overload 175 Support 189 Grants for Colleges 215 Effective School Reform 248 Semantics 175 Rewards 189 Vocational Education Acts 215 The School Superintendent 250 Status Differences 176 Planning 189 Relief Acts 216 The Superintendent's Job 250 Overcoming Barriers to Communication 176 Coercion 190 War Acts 216 Up the Professional Ladder 251 Repetition 176 Managing Change 190 National Defense Education Act 217 Superintendents' Problems and Empathy 176 Lewin's Three-Step Model 190 Compensatory Education Acts 217 Performance 254 ....J Contents Contents The Central Staff 255 Summary 288 Summary 324 PARTI V Administration of Programs Key Terms 290 Key Terms 324 and Services 366 Large Districts: Increased Central Offices 256 Discussion Questions 290 Discussion Questions 324 13 Curriculum Development and Small Districts: Understaffed Central Suggested Readings 290 Suggested Readings 325 Offices 257 Implementation 366 Organizational Hierarchy 258 11 School Finance and Focusing Questions 366 12 Legal Considerations and Efficiency Ratios 258 Productivity 291 Education 326 Curriculum Definitions anc:lA pproaches 367 The Principal and the School 259 Focusing Questions 291 Behavioral Approach 367 Focusing Questions 326 Conditions, Employment, and Trends 259 Education and Economics 292 Managerial Approach 369 Legal Framework for Public Education 327 Summary 262 Tax Sources of School Revenues 293 Systems Approach 370 Key Terms 263 Local Financing of Public Schools 294 Federal Role in Education 327 Humanistic Approach 371 Discussion Questions 263 Property Tax 294 State Role in Education 329 Curriculum Development 373 Suggested Readings 263 User Fees 295 American Judicial System 329 Tyler: Behavioral Model 373 Tobacco Settlement 295 The Law and Professional Personnel 331 Saylor, Alexander, and Lewis: l O Excellence, Equality, and Urban/Suburban Disparities 296 Certification 331 Managerial Model 376 Education 264 Municipal and Educational Overburden 297 Contracts 332 Macdonald: Systems Model 377 Spending versus Outcomes 298 Weinstein and Fantini: Humanistic Focusing Questions 264 Termination of Employment 333 Model 378 Definitions and Labels 265 State Financing of Public Schools 298 Discrimination in Employment 335 Scientific-Aesthetic Model 379 299 Sales Tax The Role of the Schools 266 Tort Liability 339 Curriculum Overview 380 Personal Income Tax 300 The Conservative Slant 268 Lotteries and Other State Taxes 300 The Law and Students 342 Nontechnical Model 381 Sputnik and Post-Sputnik 269 School Improvement 342 Components of Curriculum Development 384 The States' Ability to Finance Educational and Economic Opportunity 271 Education 301 School Attendance 343 Criteria for Selecting Content 384 Do Schools Make a Difference? Large-Scale State Financial Responsibility 302 Student Discipline 346 Criteria for Selecting Learning Studies 273 State Funding Methods 302 Freedom of Expression 349 Experiences 385 The Coleman Report 273 School Budgeting 303 Balance in Determining the Curriculum 386 Classification Practices 351 The Jencks Study 276 School Effectiveness and Productivity 305 Leadership Considerations 388 Students with Disabilities 352 The Duncan Model 278 Size of Schools 306 What Knowledge Is of Most Worth? 389 The Law and State Issues 356 Unaccounted Factors: Luck 279 Effective Schools "308 Knowledge as Facts 389 School Desegregation 356 International Achievement Gaps Effective School Indicators 309 Explosion of Knowledge 390 in Education 280 Church-State Relations 357 School Finance Trends 310 Essential Knowledge 391 The International Report Card 281 Financing Education 360 Streamlining Budgets 311 Returning to the Liberal Arts 392 The Economics of Schooling 283 Summary 363 Environmental Hazards 313 Modern Languages 392 Pulling It Together 283 School Infrastructure Costs 317 Key Terms 364 Computer Knowledge and Technology 394 - Excuses and More Excuses 284 Financing School Construction 320 Discussion Questions 3 65 Moral Knowledge 395 Brain Drain Counts 286 International Comparisons of Education Suggested Readings 365 Moral Character 396 Centers of Creativity 288 Spending 321 - Contents Contents The Roles of the Curriculum Worker 397 The Master Teacher 421 Recruitment 454 Performance Appraisal 466 Responsibilities of the Curriculum Cautions and Criticisms 423 Internal Sources 454 Performance Appraisal Methods 466 Worker 397 Teacher Contexts: New Research, External Sources 455 Rating Errors 470 Leadership Role of the Principal 398 New Paradigms 424 Internal versus External Recruitment 456 Compensation 471 Managerial Role of the Principal 399 Metaphors 424 Selection 457 Wages and Salaries 471 Curriculum-Instructional Role of the Stories 425 Principal 400 Biographical Information 457 Benefits 473 Biographies and Autobiographies 425 The Teacher and the Curriculum 401 Reference Checks 459 Union-Management Relations 473 The Expert Teacher 427 Union Membership 473 The Central (District) Office 402 Written Tests 460 Voice 428 Collective Bargaining 473 The Team Collaborative Approach 402 Performance Simulations 461 Reconceptualizing Teaching 428 Summary 481 Implementation as a Change Process 403 Interviews 461 The Need for Humanistic Teaching 430 Key Terms 481 Incrementalism for Change 403 Hiring Decision 463 Examples of Humanistic Teaching 431 Discussion Questions 482 Resistance to Change 404 Moral and Civic Virtues 433 Professional Development 463 Suggested Readings 482 Improving Receptivity to Change 405 Assessment of Professional Development Teaching, Testing, and the Achievement Needs 464 Summary 407 Gap 436 Name Index 485 Professional Development Techniques 465 Key Terms 409 Teaching and Learning 437 Subject Index 494 Evaluating the Professional Development Discussion Questions 409 Aptitude, Achievement and Human Capital 438 Program 465 Case Index 515 Suggested Readings 409 NAEP/State Standards and Test Scores 439 14 Analyzing and Improving Race and Class 442 Teaching 410 Another Option 443 Focusing Questions 410 Summary 445 Review of the Research on Teaching 411 Key Terms 446 Teacher Styles 412 Discussion Questions 446 Research on Teacher Styles 412 Suggested Readings 446 Teacher Interaction 414 15 Human Resources Verbal Communication 414 Administration 447 Nonverbal Communication 415 Teacher Expectations 417 Focusing Questions 447 Teacher Characteristics 418 The Human Resource Management Process 448 Research on Teacher Characteristics 418 Human Resource Planning 448 Teacher Effects 419 Job Analysis 449 The Gage Model 419 Forecasting Demand and Supply 450 The Good and Brophy Model 420 Legal Constraints 451 The Evertson-Emmer Model 421 Affirmative Action Programs 453 Admin.istrative Advice ~ ~ " f' ~· "·~4.,\ 1-1 Methods of Research Used by Behavioral 9-2 Making Board Meetings More Meaningful 245 Scientists 4 9-3 Considering a Promotion 1-2 The Seven Action Imperatives of a to the Central Office? 256 Learning Organization 23 ', 10-1 Principles for Improving Schools 281 2-1 Restructuring Schools: Changing 11-1 Checklist for Developing a School Budget 304 How the Bureaucracy Works 33 11-2 Dealing with Asbestos Abatement 2-2 Strategic Questions 44 Contractors 315 3-1 How Leaders Influence the Culture of Schools 59 12-1 Positive Approaches to Sexual Harassment 3-2 Characteristics to Measure School Quality 73 for the Workplace 338 4-1 Practical Motivational Strategies 82 12-2 Guidelines for Safer Playgrounds 341 4-2 Improving Teacher Job Satisfaction 86 12-3 CDC Guidelines for AIDS Education 5-1 The Big Five Dimensions of Personality Programs 345 Traits 103 13-1 Guidelines for Curriculum Development 375 5-2 Applying Situational Leadership 122 13-2 Dealing with the Physical and Health 6-1 Premises of Group Decision Making 147 Factors of the Environment 387 7-1 Guidelines for Readable Writing 160 13-3 Information Checklist for Implementing 7-2 Nonverbal Behaviors to Enhance Your Curriculum Change and Innovation 407 Leadership Image 163 14-1 Observing Other Teachers to Improve 7-3 Multi-Media Presentations 173 Teaching Patterns 415 7-4 Listening Styles 178 14-2 Improving Support for Beginning Teachers 423 8-1 Making Change Work 186 15-1 Recruiting the Next Generation of Teachers 458 8-2 Addressing Resistance to Change 190 15-2 Tips for Interviewing 464 8-3 The Four Pillars of Total Quality 197 15-3 Contrasts Between Industrial and Professional Unionism 479 9-1 Questions to Consider When Your School District Contemplates Consolidation or Decentralization 241 xv t PRO/ 'CON Debates Chapter 1 Training School Leaders 24 Chapter 2 School-Based Management 51 t\ Chapter 3 Recognizing Excellent Schools 7 5 l Chapter 4 Merit Pay 96 Chapter 5 Leadership Style 131 Chapter 6 Principal Power 154 Chapter 7 Parent Involvement 179 Chapter 8 Mandated Staff Development 206 Chapter 9 The Politics of School Elections 261 Chapter 10 Balancing Excellence and Equality 287 Chapter 11 Financing Education 323 Chapter 12 Equal Access 364 Chapter 13 Teaching Values 408 Chapter 14 Teacher Accountability 444 Chapter 15 Superintendent Searches 480 xvii . ' . .' ' Adm'inistrator Profiles *)_ Henry S. Bangser, Superintendent, Winnetka/Northfield, IL 15 Mirabelle Baptiste, Principal, Houston, TX 38 Richard (Rick) Earl Berry, Superintendent, Cypress-Fairbanks ISD, Houston, TX 67 James F. Causby, Superintendent, Smithfield, NC 83 Craig L. Elliott, Superintendent, Maize, KS 109 Pascal D. Forgione, Superintendent, Austin, TX 140 Barry Fried, Principal, Brooklyn, NY 167 Carlos A. Garcia, Superintendent, Las Vegas, NV 189 Joe A. Hairston, Superintendent, Towson, MD 221 David A. Kazakoff, Principal, Pacifica, CA 277 William G. Meuer, Principal, Chicago, IL 295 Joanna Miller, Principal, Great Neck, NY 337 Lonnie E. Palmer, Superintendent, Albany, NY 383 Art Rainwater, Superintendent, Madison, WI 426 Ron Saunders, Superintendent, Winder, GA 465 xix .,, Foreword During the past decade, the nation's attention has again educational change and the processes they feel are been riveted on education. Numerous publications offer essential for improvement, and they have done it in a myriad of recommendations focused on what must be a forthright and interesting manner. In addition, the done to improve the quality of education in America. authors have discussed the fundamental principles of This intense desire for a new and restructured education effective administrative leadership, including the need process offers many windows of opportunity for positive to effectively manage the process of collaboration and change. coordinate improvement efforts. When school reform efforts have been directed to Creative, high quality leadership is essential to the and given a sense of direction by those local leaders reform and restructuring of American education, as our who are responsible for effective change in our nation's schools strive to meet the needs and challenges of our schools, the results have been favorable. Educational society. Administration: Concepts and Practices, Fifth Edition, will serve as a valuable primer for prospective school Richard D. Miller leaders as they work toward effecting change in an Former Executive Director orderly, efficient, and effective manner. American Association of Its authors, Fred Lunenburg and Allan Ornstein, School Administrators have addressed both the concepts surrounding xxi

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