Educational Achievement and Life Styles in A Traditional Society, the Old Order Amish. Final Report.

530 Pages·2007·21.33 MB·English

DOCUMENT RESUME
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HOSTET Em, JOHN A.
AUTHOR
EDUCAT OPAL ACHIEVEMENT AND LIFE STYLES IN A
TITLL
TRADITIONAL SOCIETY, THE OLD ORDER AMISH. FINAL
REPORT.
TEMPLE UNIV., PHILADELPHIA, PA.
INSTIIUTION
WASHINGTON, D.0
SPCNS AGZNCY
BUREAU
Ox RICE CI EDUCATION (-HEW) ,
OF RESEARCH.
BUtEAU NO
BB-6-1912
PUB DATE
SEP 65
OEC-1-6-061912-1621
CCNTriACT
NOTE
529P.
C-$26.55
EDRS PRICE MF-$2.00
z;DRS PAICE
*AMISH, CHILD REARING,
ACADEMIC ACHIEVEMEN
DESCRIPTOLIS
*CHILDREN, *CULTURAL DIFFERENCES, *CULTURAL.
ISOLATION, CULTURAL TRAITS, RELIGIOUS CULTURAL
GiOUPS, *SOCIALIZATICN
ABSTRACT
TATS EXTENSIVE REPORT IS CONCERNED WITH
SOCIALIZATION PAIZEiNS ANL THE IMPACT OF CHANGE ON REARING THE YOUNG.
SPEC.FIC OBJECTIVES WERE: (1) CONSTRUCTION OF THE "CORE CULTURE" CF
IHL TRADITIONAL COMMUNITY AND ITS RELATION TO EDUCATIONAL PATTERNS,
(2) DESCRIPTION OF SOCIALIZATION PATTERNS THROUGH THE LIFE CYCLE IN
THE TRADITIONAL COMMUNITY AND IN THE CHANGING COMMUNITY,
(3)
COMPARISON OF ACADEMIC AND PERSONALITY VARIABLES OF SCHOOL CHILDREN
IN AMISH SCHOOLS WITH THOSE IN OTHER SCHOOL SETTINGS, AND
(4)
DESCRIPTION OF CHANGING SOCIAL PATTERNS, NOTING AREAS OF INTEGRATION
AND THOSE OE DISCONTINUITY. REPRESENTATIVE GROUPS OF AMISH SCHOOL
CHILDREN WERE COMPARED WITH A CONTROL GROUP FRCM MODERN RURAL
SCHOOLS. GENERALLY, AMISH CHILDREN SEEM TO DO WELL IN BASIC AREAS OF
EDUCATION: READING, WORD USAGE, AND ARITHMETIC, BUT NOT AS WELL AS
NON-AMISH IN LANGUAGE TESTS., TRADITIONAL AMISH HAVE BEEN SUCCESSFUL
IN SOCIALIZING THEIR OFFSPRING, TRAINING THEM FOR LIFE BY A CHARTER
WHICH STRESSES WISDOM CF ORDERLINESS IN THE PRACTICE OF COMMUNITY.
DATA TABLES ARE INCLUDED. (AUTHOR/CJ)
xeni
fy
01/
NAL REPORT
Project No. 6- 1 9 24 /
Contract No. OE 1-6-061912-1621
and Life Styles in a
Educational Achievement
Order Amish
Traditional Society, the Old
John A. Hostetler
College of Liberal Arts
Temple University
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19122
September 1969
EDUCATION, AND WELFARE
U. S. DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH,
Office of Education
Bureau of Research
r..
.41D
cr%
Final Report
Pr%
Project No. 6-1924,
/2_
C:)
C:)
Contract No. OE 1-6-061912-1621
LLi
IN A
EDUCATIONAL ACHIEVEMENT AND LIFE STYLES
TRAbITIONAL SOCIETY, THE OLD ORDER AMISH
John A. Hostetler
Temple University
College of Liberal Arts
19122
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
September 1969
performed pursuant to a
This research reported herein was
Education, U.S. Department of
contract with the Office of
Contractors undertaking
Health, Education, and Welfare.
sponsorship are encouraged
such projects under Government
professional judgment in the conduct
to express freely their
do not,
Points of view or opinions stated
of the project.
official Office of Education
therefore, necessarily represent
position or policy.
U.S. DEPARTMENT OF
HEALTH, EDUCATION, AND WELFARE
Office of Education
Bureau of Research
U.S. DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH, EDUCATION & WELFARE
OFFICE OF EDUCATION
FROM THE
THIS DOCUMENT HAS BEEN REPRODUCED EXACTLY AS RECEIVED
POINTS OF VIEW OR OPINIONS
PERSON OR ORGANIZATION ORIGINATING IT.
OF EDUCATION
STATED DO NOT NECESSARILY REPRESENT OFFICIAL OFFICE
POSITION OR POLICY.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
thanks are due to many people.
For generous cooperation,
directly are listed in the
The names of all who contributed
who
Acknowledgement is given to the persons
appendix.
various disciplines,
assisted on a consultative level from
Amish schools, and the
the teachers and board members of
the
in the field work and analysis of
persons who assisted
findings.
research and who
Those persons who engaged in the
findings are appreciatively
reported specific phases of the
their
Their names and the chapters reflecting
acknowledged.
(for
Joseph Stoll and Fred Buchanan
work are as follows
chapters V,
research) in chapter IN.N, Gertrude Huntington,
Persons on the
chapter VII.
VI, and IX, and Wayne Miller
significant help were Dale B.
level of consultants who lave
Pennsylvania State
Harris, Professor of Psychology, The
Sociology, Goshen
Univ,ersity; Calvin Redekop,\Professor of
Testing Bureau of
College; and Ronald G. Downe'lk of the
Buerkle, Head
The collaboration of Jack
Temple University.
of Jacob Gruber, Head of
of the Department of Sociology, and
administrative level
the Department of Anthropology, on an
was most helpful.
profoundly grateful to those
The project director is
who permitted us
Amish people who trusted our motives and
experiences sufficiently to
to participate in their school
and
We who carry this trust
achieve the goals of the study.
findings objectively
the responsibility for reporting the
and
the dangers of oversimplification
are keenly aware of
Readers whemake use of the findings are
misrepresentation.
exploratory rather than final.
cautioned that the results are
prudence, and to guard against
They are advised to exercise
misrepresent the subject or
making conclusions that would
the findings.
CONTENTS
0000001410000 OOOOOOOOOOOO 0 OOOOO
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS..
1
SUMMARY
INTRODUCTION
PART ONE:
15
THE PROBLEM AND THE OBJECTIVES
I.
15
The Research Problem
Anthropological
The Population and the
15
Context of the Research
20
Amish Core Culture
25
The Problem of Schooling
32
The Relevance of the Investigation
OF AMISH
SOCIALIZATION RESEARCH AND REVIEW
II,
35
STUDIES
35
Anthropology and Socialization Research
Amish
The Sociological Perspective and
36
Studies
38
Socialization
Psychology and the Study of
39
Studies of Amish Education
40
Ingroup Publications and Sources
43
INVESTIGATION
PROCEDURE AND METHOD OF THE
III.
43
Administration of the Project
43
World View
Procedure for Formulating the
Socialization
Procedure for Discovering the
45
Patterns
Discovering the Achievement
Procedure for
45
Levels
45
Description of the Tests
Ability
47
SRA Tests of Educational
47
Iowa Tests of Basic Skills
Test
48
Goodenough-Harris Draw-a-Man
48
Myers-Briggs Type Indicator
48
Gorham Proverbs Test
"The Way I Feel
Piers-Harris Test:
49
About Myself"
49
Occupational Aspirations
49
Freehand Drawings
49
Hypothesis Concerning Achievement
50
Populations
The Selection of Sample
PART TWO:
FINDINGS
THE ANABAPTIST-AMISH VIEW OF CHILD NATURE
IV.
55
The Charter:
the European Period
55
The Conception of Child Nature
55
The Conception of Parental Responsibility
57
The Conception of the Proper Content of
Education
59
The Conception of the Function of Faith and
the Role of Cere,lony
60
Expected Behavior Patterns of Children
61
The Conception of Maturity and Admission to
Adulthood
62
The Charter:
the American Period
64
The Conception of the Nature of Children
65
Stress on the Natural Evil in Children
65
Stress on the Adaptability of Child Nature
66
Conception of the Child as a Learner
67
The Conception of Socialization in Relation
to Family and Community
70,
The Conception of the Goal of Schooling
72
Summary and Conclusions
74
Summary of the Charter:
the European
Period'
74
Summary of the Charter:
the American
Period
75
Conclusion:
View of Human Nature and
Original Nature
75
AGE GRADING AND SOCIALIZATION PATTERNS
V.
81
The Age-Stages
81
Adulthood
83
Infancy
84
Preschoolers
85
Elementary School Children
87
Young People
92
OZd Folks
96
AMISH SCHOOLING IN ANTHROPOLOGICAL CONTEXT
VI.
101
Cultural Goals and Socialization
101
Relation to Civil Government
105
Types of Amish Schools
107
Areas of Adjustment:
Government and Amish
Schooling
1013
The Organizational Structure of the Amish
School System
115
Amish Elementary Schools
115
Amish Vocational Schools
122
vi
123
School
Physical Characteristics of the Amish
,125
Methods
Schedule. Curricula and Teaching
125
Elementary School Schedule
126
Elementary School Curriculum
126
Academic Subjects
134
Religious Education
,...137
Extracurricular Learning
School...140
Teaching Methods in the Elementary
and
Vocational School Schedule, Curriculum
f.149
Methods
153
Community
The Amish School Within the Amish
153
The Amish Teacher ..... ...), ...... . ...
158
Teacher-Scholar Relationships
159
Teacher Parent Relationships
162
Teacher-School Board Relationships
163
Teacher-Church Relationships..., ........ ,
,.165
TEST SCORES .LND T:crummmT LEVELS
VII.
,..165
Attitudes Toward Testing.
..166
SRA Tests of Educational Ability
169
Iowa Tests of Basic Skills
174
Stanford Achievement Test
177
Patterns
Summary, Intelligence and Achievement
178
Correlation Between IQ and Achievement
178
GoodenoughHarris Test Findings
Goodenough-Harris
Cultural Influences in the
186
Drawings
187
Summary, Goodenough-Harris Tests
225
MyersBriggs Type Indicator
233
Gorman Proverbs Test
The Way I FeeZ About
Piers-Harris Test:
234
.......
Myself'.
246
Occupational Aspirations..,.....,
Freehand Drawings
255
My Happy Time Drawings
263
Animal or Machine Drawings
263
Psychological Aspects of the Drawings .......
,..,..266
Discussion and Summary
267
Eisenman Comment on the Drawings
vii
CONCLUSIONS AND INTERPRETATION
PART THREE:
EMERGENT
THE IMPACT OF CHANGE, TRADITIONAL AND
VIII.
273
STYLES
View....,275
View of ChiZd Nature and WorZd
Change:
,.279
Socialization Patterns
Change:
286
Achievement Scores
Change:
FINDINGS RELEVANT TO PUBLIC
IMPLICATIONS:
IX.
291
SCHOOL EDUCATION
.291
Local ControZ
294
Training in Vocational Etiquette
295
Certified but Disqualified Teachers
296
Training for Both Technology and Wisdom
Cultural Society and Mono - Cultural
Multi
-
299
Schools
,
SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIALS
PART FOUR:
307
TECHNICAL SUPPLEMENT
APPENDIX A.
307
Tables (Tests of Significance), A-1 to A-26
and
Instructions for Giving Goodenough-Harris
338
Other Drawing Tests
t
Instructions for Essay on Choice of
344
Occupation
,
345
Project Staff
347
SOURCE DOCUMENTS ON SOCIALIZATION
APPENDIX B.
The European Period
...347
1. Menno Simons, Written 1535-1550
353
2. Dirk Philips, 1504-1568
...356
3. Ausbund
360
4. Thomas von Imbroich, 1558
..361
Published 1660
5. The Martyrs' Mirror,
380
6. Tauferakten Kommission
382
1574-1651
7. Peter Peters, Alkmaar, Holland,
382
Rues, Observations, 1743
8. M. Simeon Friderich
383
9. Gerrit Roosen, 1612-1711
The American Period
Management
10. Christopher Dock, School
384
Treatise, 1770
Toward Their
11. Responsibilities of Parents
387
Children, George Jutzi, 1843
Children, David BeiZer.
12. An Exhortation to My
,388
(Bishop), 1857
viii
N.t
13. Why are Children Sometimes Disobedient
390
14. The Need for Church Schools, Guengerich,
1897
391
15. What is a Good Education?
Eli J. Bontreger
(Bishop), c. 1910
395
16. An Admonition, Johannes Each, 1944
,.,...396
17. The Duty of Children and Parents
398
18. The Influence of Mothers and Grandmothers,
1930
401
?
19. How to Bring up a Child in the Lord, 1930
402
20. Graveside Hymn for Children
The Contemporary Period
21. Report to the Congregations
Regarding the
School Law
1937
,.,....407
22. Backgrounds and Standards of the OZd Order
Church School Committee, 1937
409
23. Policy for Operation of Home and Farm
Projects in Church-Organized Day Schools
421
24. Minimum Standards for Amish Schools (Ohio)
423
25. Articles of Agreement Regarding the Indiana
Amish Parochial Schools and Department
of Public Instruction, 1967
431
26. How Not to Spank a Child
435
27. Education, a Grave Responsibility
436
28. The Challenge Before Us
439
29. The Supreme Court Ruling....,
.440
30. What About Corporal Punishment9
,.1.442
31. Teacher Certification:
Giant-Sized
Stumbling Block
,.443
32. Qualifications of a Christian Teacher
445
33. Qualifications of Parents and Board Members,
446
34. Some Objections to Church Schools Answered
447
35. Some Tips on Filling the Lunch Basket
451
36. Beginning the Term
452
37. I Was a Teacher's Pet...
,..,..454
..
38. Teaching School Children (A Recipe)
455
39. Ten Rules for Teaching
456
40. Rules for a Good School
458
41. Rules for Parents
459
42. The Teacher Shortage
461
43. ShaZZ We Teach Our Teachers
,.463
44. What's Ahead
468
45. Mottoes on School Room WaZZs
470
46. The Teacher Says, and Other Selections
474
47. Elementary School Report
487
48. Vocational School Report
,....,489
49. Absence Report Form for Elementary and
Vocational School
491
50. Teacher's Report, Weekly
492
ix
51. Report of Committeeman, Monthly Report
493
52. Teacher's Record Book
494
OZd Order Book Society
495
53.. Book List:
LIST OF PROJECT DOCUMENTS AND PAPERS
APPENDIX C.
DEVELOPED IN WHOLE OR IN PART DURING THE
INVESTIGATION
498
BIBLIOGRAPHY OF REFERENCES CITED
501