Education Policy and Reform in China

192 Pages·2019·1.731 MB·English

by  Guangli Zhou, Xiang Zhou

Education Policy
and Reform in China
Guangli Zhou · Xiang Zhou
Education Policy and Reform in China
Guangli Zhou • Xiang Zhou
Education Policy
and Reform in China
Guangli Zhou Xiang Zhou
Renmin University of China Renmin University of China
Beijing, China Beijing, China
ISBN 978-981-13-6491-4 ISBN 978-981-13-6492-1 (eBook)
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-6492-1
Based on a translation from the Chinese language edition: 教育与未来——中国教育改革之路
by Zhou, Guangli and Zhou, Xiang Copyright © China Renmin University Press, 2016. All
Rights Reserved
The edition is not for sale in China Mainland. Customers from China Mainland please order
the print book from: China Renmin University Press. ISBN of the China Mainland edition:
9787300232126
Library of Congress Control Number: 2019933173
© China Renmin University Press 2019
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C
ontents
1 Introduction: Social Change and Education Reform 1
Guangli Zhou
1.1 Historical Orientation: Education Reform Gets into
Deep Water 2
1.2 Policy Trend: Build a Fair and Just Society through
Education 8
Part I Social Change and Improvement of the Education
System 15
2 Efforts to Develop Preschool Education 17
Xiang Zhou
2.1 The Current Situation of the Development of Preschool
Education in China 18
2.2 Analysis of Problems in the Development of Preschool
Education in China 20
2.3 Preschool Education Development Direction 26
3 Balanced Development of Compulsory Education 31
Xiang Zhou
3.1 Balanced Development: A New Goal for Compulsory
Education 32
v
vi CoNTENTS
3.2 B asic Principles and System for the Balanced
Development of Compulsory Education 34
3.3 Analysis of the Current Situation of Imbalance in
Compulsory Education 36
3.4 Measures: Features of Constructing a Compulsory
Education Equalization Index System 38
4 Guaranteeing Migrant Children’s Right to an Education 45
Xiang Zhou
4.1 Urbanization and Migrant Children’s Education 46
4.2 Cause Analysis 48
4.3 The Real Predicament of Migrant Children’s Education 50
4.4 Solutions 52
5 The Establishment of a Modern Vocational Education
System 55
Guangli Zhou
5.1 Planned Industrialization: The Integration of Vocational
Education with General Education 56
5.2 Market-Oriented Industrialization: Parallel Dual
Tracks for Vocational Education and General Education 59
5.3 A New Type of Industrialization: Interchange of
Vocational Education and General Education 63
6 Change and Innovation in the Private Education System 67
Xiang Zhou
6.1 The Development of Private Education and the Process of
Policy Change 68
6.2 Problems and Countermeasures in the Development of
Private Education 72
6.3 Development of and Prospects for Private Education in
China 78
7 Improving the Quality Evaluation System of Higher
Education 81
Guangli Zhou
7.1 The Development of the Higher Education Evaluation
System in China 82
CoNTENTS vii
7.2 S ocial Accountability and University External Quality
Evaluation System 85
7.3 Self-Improvement and the University Internal Quality
Evaluation System 89
Part II Reform of Higher Education and Institutional
Innovation 93
8 Establishment of a Lifelong Education System 95
Xiang Zhou
8.1 Review of the Development of Lifelong Education in
China 97
8.2 Problems and Reflections on the Establishment of a
Lifelong Education System 99
9 Reform of the College Entrance Examination 105
Xiang Zhou
9.1 The Process of Reform of the College Entrance
Examination 106
9.2 The Dilemma and Direction of the Reform 114
9.3 Concrete Principles and Methods of Reform 118
10 Teaching Personnel System Reform 121
Xiang Zhou
10.1 Teaching Personnel System Reform Led by the Contract
Employment System 121
10.2 Problems and Analysis of the Reform 123
10.3 Measures for the Improvement of Teaching Personnel
Reform 127
10.4 Personnel Reform of Colleges and Universities 129
11 Establishment and Perfection of a Modern University
System 133
Guangli Zhou
11.1 Autonomy and the External Governance System of
Universities 134
11.2 Corporate Governance Structure and the Internal
Governance System of Universities 137
viii CoNTENTS
12 Postgraduate Education and Degree System Reform 145
Guangli Zhou
12.1 The Early Exploration of Chinese Postgraduate
Education: From 1900 to 1949 146
12.2 Reform and Development of Chinese Postgraduate
Education: From 1949 to 1998 148
12.3 Transition and Innovation in Chinese Postgraduate
Education Since 1999 152
13 Establishment of a Zone for Training Top Innovative
Talents 157
Guangli Zhou
13.1 Class for the Gifted Young: The Beginning of the
Innovative Talents Cultivating Zones from 1978 to 1984 1 58
13.2 Breakthrough in Professional Education: The Exploration
of Innovative Talents Cultivating Zones from 1985 to
1999 160
13.3 Student Centered: The New Exploration of Innovative
Talents Cultivating Zones from 2000 to 2012 163
14 Building a World-Class University 169
Guangli Zhou
14.1 The Transfer of the World Science Center and the Rise of
World-Class University Clusters 169
14.2 From the “211 Project” to the “985 Project” 172
14.3 Characteristics of World-Class Universities 177
15 Epilogue: Cultivation of the Capacity of the National
System to Facilitate the Modernization of Education 181
Guangli Zhou
15.1 The National System Capacity Guarantees the
Modernization of the National Governance System and
Capacity 182
15.2 The Transition of Governance Is the Essential Guarantee
of National System Capacity 183
15.3 Corporate Governance in Universities Should Be
Improved for Cultivating National System Capacity 185
15.4 More Power Should Be Delegated to Society to Cultivate
National System Capacity 186
L C
ist of harts
Chart 12.1 The increasing number of Chinese postgraduates enrolled in
the 1990s 152
Chart 12.2 The rapid expansion of postgraduate recruitment in China in
the early twenty-first century 153
ix
L t
ist of abLes
Table 2.1 Preschool education statistics in the period 2008–2012 19
Table 2.2 Number of preschool education teachers in kindergartens
(2010–2012) 24
Table 2.3 Number of officially employed teachers, substitute teachers
and part- time teachers in preschool education (2010–2012) 24
Table 2.4 Educational level of preschool education teachers (2010–2012) 25
Table 7.1 The first round of undergraduate teaching evaluation results 87
xi