Education in the Soviet Union: Policies and Institutions Since Stalin

241 Pages·2012·8.178 MB·English

by  Mervyn Matthews

EDUCATION IN THE
SOVIET UNION
3
1
0
2
r
e
b Policies and Institutions since Stalin
m
e
t
p
e
S
3 Mervyn Matthews
2
0
4
:
2
0
t
a

]
y
t
i
s
r
e
v
i
n
U
m
i
l
s
u
M
h
r
a
g
i
l
A
[
y
b
d
e
d
a
o
l
n
w ROUTLEDGE LIBRARY EDITIONS:
o
D EDUCATION
ROUTLEDGE LIBRARY EDITIONS:
EDUCATION
EDUCATION IN THE SOVIET UNION
3
1
0
2
r
e
b
m
e
t
p
e
S
3
2
0
4
:
2
0
t
a
]
y
t
i
s
r
e
v
i
n
U
m
i
l
s
u
M
h
r
a
g
i
l
A
[
y
b
d
e
d
a
o
l
n
w
o
D
3
1
0
2
r
e
b
m
e
t
p
e
S
3
2
0
4
:
2
0
t
a
]
y
t
i
s
r
e
v
i
n
U
m
i
l
s
u
M
h
r
a
g
i
l
A
[
y
b
d
e
d
a
o
l
n
w
o
D
EDUCATION IN THE SOVIET UNION
3
1
0 Policies and Institutions since Stalin
2
r
e
b
m
e
t
p
e
S
3
2
0
4
:
2
0
t MERVYN MATTHEWS
a
]
y
t
i
s
r
e
v
i
n
U
m
i
l
s
u
M
Volume 9
h
r
a
g
i
l
A
[
y
b
d
e
d
a
o
l
n
w
o
D
First published in 1982
This edition first published in 2012
by Routledge
2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon, OX14 4RN
Simultaneously published in the USA and Canada
3 by Routledge
1
0 711 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10017
2
r Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business
e
b © 1982 Mervyn Matthews
m
e All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or
pt utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now
e known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any
S
3 information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the
2 publishers.
0
4 Trademark notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered
:
2 trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent
0
t to infringe.
a
] British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data
y A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library
t
i
s
er ISBN 13: 978-0-415-61517-4 (Set)
v eISBN 13: 978-0-203-81617-2 (Set)
i
n ISBN 13: 978-0-415-66840-8 (Volume 9)
U
eISBN 13: 978-0-203-81644-8 (Volume 9)
m
li Publisher’s Note
s
u The publisher has gone to great lengths to ensure the quality of this reprint but
M points out that some imperfections in the original copies may be apparent.
h
r Disclaimer
a
g The publisher has made every effort to trace copyright holders and would
li welcome correspondence from those they have been unable to trace.
A
[
y
b
d
e
d
a
o
l
n
w
o
D
Education in the
Soviet Union
Policies and Institutions since Stalin
3
1
0
2
r
e
b
m
e
t
p
e
S
3
2
0 MERVYN MATTHEWS
4
:
2
0
t
a
]
y
t
i
s
r
e
v
i
n
U
m
i
l
s
u
M
h
r
a
g
i
l
A
[
y
b
d
e
d
a
o
l
n
w
o
D
London
GEORGE ALLEN & UNWIN
Boston Sydney
© Mervyn Matthews, 1982.
This book is copyright under the Berne Convention. No reproduction
without permission. All rights reserved.
George Allen & Unwin (Publishers) Ltd,
40 Museum Street, London WC1A 1LU, UK
George Allen & Unwin (Publishers) Ltd,
Park Lane, Hemel Hempstead, Herts HP2 4TE, UK
Allen & Unwin, Inc.,
3
1 9 Winchester Terrace, Winchester, Mass. 01890, USA
0
2 George Allen & Unwin Australia Pty Ltd,
r
e 8 Napier Street, North Sydney, NSW 2060, Australia
b
m
e First published in 1982
t
p
e
S
3
2
0
4 British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data
:
2
0
t Matthews, Mervyn
a Education in the Soviet Union: policies and institutions since Stalin.
]
y 1. Education and state – History – 1953—
t
i I. Title
s
er 379.47 LA832
v ISBN 0–04–370114–0
i
n
U
m
li Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data
s
u
M
Matthews, Mervyn
h Education in the Soviet Union
r
a Bibliography: P.
g
i Includes Index.
l
A 1. Education – Soviet Union – History – 20th Century.
y [ 2. Communism and Education. I. Title.
b LA831.82.M33 370'.947 82–6656
d ISBN 0–04–370114–0 AACR2
e
d
a
o
l
n
w
o
D
Set in 10 on 11 point Plantin by Phoenix Photosetting, Chatham
and printed in Great Britain
by Mackays of Chatham Ltd
Contents
Preface page xi
1 General Education under Khrushchev 1
Aims and history – an overview; the growth of numbers and facilities;
problems of catchment; post-reform school practice; school practice in the
3
1 first post-Stalin years; the December 1958 reform; the reform opposed; job
0
2 placement for school leavers; teachers and their well-being
r
e
b 2 General Education under Brezhnev 40
m
e The pattern of growth; problems of attendance; new school policies;
t
p schoolchildren’s aspirations: distinctions between schools; placement
e
S procedures and professional orientation; teachers and their well-being; the
3
2 question of stability
0
4
2: 3 Low- and Middle-Grade Technical Schools 67
0
t The state labour reserves – creation and character; the state labour reserves
a
] – postwar development; low-grade technical schools under Khrushchev; the
y PTU under Brezhnev; some social dimensions; secondary special
t
i
s educational institutions
r
e
v
i
n 4 Higher Education under Khrushchev and Brezhnev 97
U
m Historical background; growth and coverage: a bird’s eye view; problems
i of central control; problems of internal administration; VUZ courses – form
l
us and content; VUZ reform and the part-time sector; postgraduate research;
M teaching and research staff
h
r
a 5 Some Student Problems 153
g
i
Al VUZ selection policies; students’ social origins; attitudes towards study
[ and political activities; students’ well-being; the problem of drop-out; the
y
b placement of graduates in the 1960s and 1970s
d
e
d 6 Supplementary Educational Services 177
a
o Preschool facilities; training new labour on the job; schools for special
l
n
w categories of pupils; specialist training for party and state officials; mass
o party-political enlightenment; other public courses and lectures;
D
professional military education; the non-state sector
Conclusion Soviet Education: Successes and Failures 200
Appendix A: Total Enrolments in Soviet Educational
Institutions 206
Appendix B: The State Education System 207
Appendix C: Comparative Education Costs, circa 1972 208
viii Contents
Glossary of Soviet Administrative and Other Terms 209
Bibliography 214
Index 223
3
1
0
2
r
e
b
m
e
t
p
e
S
3
2
0
4
:
2
0
t
a
]
y
t
i
s
r
e
v
i
n
U
m
i
l
s
u
M
h
r
a
g
i
l
A
[
y
b
d
e
d
a
o
l
n
w
o
D
To Mila, Owen and Emily
3
1
0
2
r
e
b
m
e
t
p
e
S
3
2
0
4
:
2
0
t
a
]
y
t
i
s
r
e
v
i
n
U
m
i
l
s
u
M
h
r
a
g
i
l
A
[
y
b
d
e
d
a
o
l
n
w
o
D