Education For Life

130 Pages·2021·1.542 MB·English

by  Xingzhi Tao

China Academic Library
Xingzhi Tao
Education
for Life
China Academic Library
Thisbookseriescollects,organizesandpresentsthemasterpiecesincontemporary
Chinastudies.TitlesinthisseriesincludethosebyChineseauthorswhostudiedand
workedabroadduringearlytimeswhoseworkswereoriginallyinEnglishandhad
alreadymadegreatimpactsintheWesternworld,suchasHuShi,FeiXiaotongand
others;aswellasworksbymorerecentauthors,Chineseandnon-Chinese,thatare
of critical intellectual importance in introducing and understanding the transfor-
mationofthemodernChinesesociety.Awidevarietyoftopicsarecoveredbythe
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studentsinChinastudiesandrelatedsubjects,aswellasforgeneralinterestreaders.
The book series is a cooperation project between Springer and Foreign Language
TeachingandResearchPublishingCo.,Ltd.
AcademicAdvisoryBoard:
ResearcherGeng,Yunzhi,InstituteofModernHistory,ChineseAcademyofSocial
Sciences,China
ProfessorHan,Zhen,BeijingNormalUniversity,China
Researcher Hao, Shiyuan, Institute of Ethnology and Anthropology, Chinese
AcademyofSocialSciences,China
ProfessorLi,Xueqin,DepartmentofHistory,TsinghuaUniversity,China
ProfessorLi,Yining,GuanghuaSchoolofManagement,PekingUniversity,China
ResearcherLu,Xueyi,InstituteofSociology,ChineseAcademyofSocialSciences,
China
ProfessorTang,Yijie,DepartmentofPhilosophy,PekingUniversity,China
Professor Wong, Young-tsu, Department of History, Virginia Polytechnic Institute
andStateUniversity,USA
ProfessorYu,Keping,SchoolofGovernment,PekingUniversity,China
Professor Yue, Daiyun, Department of Chinese Language and Literature, Peking
University,China
Zhu,Yinghuang,ChinaDailyPress,China
SeriesCoordinators:
ZitongWu,EditorialBoardofForeignLanguageTeachingandResearchPress
LeanaLi,Springer
Moreinformationaboutthisseriesathttp://www.springer.com/series/11562
Xingzhi Tao
Education for Life
XingzhiTao
Beijing,China
ISSN2195-1853 ISSN2195-1861 (electronic)
ChinaAcademicLibrary
ISBN978-981-16-0270-2 ISBN978-981-16-0271-9 (eBook)
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-0271-9
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TaoXingzhi(alsoknownasWenTsingTao,
HengChiTaoorHengChihTao)
Contents
1 ChinainTransition ............................................ 1
2 MoralandReligiousInstructioninChina ....................... 5
2.1 PracticeofReligiousandMoralInstructioninChina .......... 5
2.1.1 GovernmentSchools .............................. 5
2.1.2 ReligiousandMoralInstructioninMissionary
SchoolsinChina ................................. 10
2.2 TheoriesofEducationinMoralsandReligion ................ 14
2.2.1 ThePsychologicalBasisforMoralandReligious
Education ....................................... 14
2.2.2 TheSociologicalBasis ............................ 16
2.2.3 ThePragmaticBasis .............................. 17
3 EducationinChina1924 ....................................... 19
3.1 Introduction ............................................. 19
3.2 AdministrationofEducation ............................... 20
3.2.1 AdministrativeUnits .............................. 20
3.2.2 InspectionandSupervision ......................... 22
3.2.3 EducationalFinance ............................... 23
3.3 TheNewSystemofSchools ............................... 24
3.3.1 TheSystem ...................................... 24
3.3.2 TheDivisionsofSchools .......................... 25
3.4 TheTrainingofTeachers .................................. 34
3.5 SomeRecentEducationalActivitiesandDevelopments ........ 38
3.5.1 EducationalTestsandMeasurements ................ 38
3.5.2 MedicalandSocialWelfareofSchoolChildren ....... 39
3.5.3 Mass Education—A Movement to Remove
Illiteracy ........................................ 41
3.5.4 TheDevelopmentofScienceInstruction ............. 41
3.5.5 TheLibraryMovement ............................ 42
3.6 MissionaryEducation ..................................... 43
3.7 AFewConcludingRemarks ............................... 44
vii
viii Contents
4 China ........................................................ 45
4.1 Introduction ............................................. 45
4.1.1 General Survey of the Forces Acting Upon
ChineseEducation ................................ 45
4.1.2 ForeignAffairs ................................... 46
4.1.3 CancellationofBoxerIndemnities .................. 47
4.1.4 PublicOpinioninChina ........................... 47
4.1.5 China,anAgriculturalNation ...................... 48
4.1.6 IndustrialDevelopmentandtheLaborProblem ....... 48
4.1.7 CommercialDevelopment ......................... 49
4.1.8 FloodandFamine ................................. 50
4.1.9 TheStatusofCommunications ..................... 50
4.1.10 TheChineseRenaissance .......................... 50
4.1.11 VisitsofWorldScholars ........................... 51
4.1.12 TheCriticalAttitudeofChineseSchoolmen .......... 51
5 China(1938) .................................................. 53
5.1 ConditionsofRuralLife .................................. 53
5.1.1 TheChineseVillage ............................... 53
5.1.2 Population ....................................... 54
5.1.3 LandProblemandLandPolicy ..................... 54
5.1.4 UsuryandCooperatives ........................... 56
5.1.5 DiseasesandHealthCenters ........................ 57
5.1.6 FamineandtheControlofNature ................... 57
5.1.7 ExternalAggressionandUnitedResistance ........... 58
5.2 EducationalConditions ................................... 58
5.2.1 IlliteracyandEducation ............................ 58
5.2.2 ElementaryEducation ............................. 59
5.2.3 AdultEducation .................................. 60
5.2.4 CompulsoryEducation ............................ 60
5.2.5 TrainingofVillageTeachers ........................ 61
5.2.6 ExperimentsinVillageEducation ................... 61
5.2.7 PeasantEducationinSovietChina .................. 62
5.2.8 ThePeople’sEducationMovement .................. 63
5.3 Conclusion .............................................. 64
References .................................................... 64
6 TheVillageEducationMovementinChina ...................... 65
6.1 TheMagnitudeoftheProblem ............................. 65
6.2 TheVillageSchoolsofthePresent .......................... 65
6.3 TheNewMovementIsCreativeandRevolutionary ............ 65
6.4 ThreeSteps .............................................. 66
6.5 TheCentreSchools ....................................... 66
6.6 CentreSchoolsatWork ................................... 67
6.7 TheCentreVillageKindergarten ........................... 69
6.8 TheExperimentalVillageNormalSchool .................... 70
Contents ix
6.9 TheDepartmentforTrainingVillageKindergarteners ......... 72
6.10 TheResearchCouncil ..................................... 72
6.11 AuxiliaryActivities ....................................... 72
7 MR.H.Chi’sNewContribution ................................ 75
8 CreativeEducation ............................................ 79
8.1 SchoolandSociety ....................................... 79
8.2 EducationandLife ....................................... 79
8.3 EducationandMethod .................................... 80
8.4 EducationandtheMasses ................................. 80
8.5 EducationandtheStudent ................................. 81
9 TheLittleTeacherandtheLiteracyMovement .................. 83
10 TheNewMassEducationMovement ............................ 85
11 China:TheMassEducationMovement ......................... 87
12 ThePeople’sEducationMovementinChina ..................... 89
12.1 TheScholarGhost ........................................ 90
12.2 HandsandBrainsUnite ................................... 91
12.3 LabourScienceUnion .................................... 92
12.4 TheLittleTeachers ....................................... 93
12.5 RelayTeachers ........................................... 96
12.6 RelayTeachingAppliedbyWomenWorkers ................. 97
12.7 ANewScript ............................................ 98
12.8 SocietyasSchool ........................................ 99
12.9 BirthofaNewPeasantry .................................. 99
13 WarinChina:StruggleforLibertyorSlavery ................... 101
14 EducationforAll .............................................. 103
14.1 PossibilitiesofRealization ................................. 105
14.2 FirstYear’sBudgetforStartingtheMovement(October1,
1945—September30,1946) ............................... 106
14.3 FinancialCampaign ...................................... 108
14.4 ResultsExpected ......................................... 109
15 YuTsaiSchoolforTalentedRefugeeChildren ................... 111
15.1 TheFoundingofYuTsaiSchool ............................ 111
15.2 ThreefoldCriteriaofYuTsaiSchool ........................ 112
15.3 TheGuidingPrinciplesofYuTsaiSchool ................... 113
15.4 FactsaboutYuTsaiSchool ................................ 113
15.5 HandsandBrainUnite(SchoolSongofYuTsai) ............. 114
16 AnswerstoQuestionsAboutYuTsaiSchool ..................... 117
17 SeekingFinancialAidfromForeignFriendsforYuTsaiSchool ... 121
18 On“CreativeRelief” .......................................... 123
x Contents
19 MyRésuméandMyPlanofLifeCareer ......................... 125
20 FourLettersbyW.T.Tao ...................................... 127