Education and Sociology. An Encyclopedia

758 Pages·2002·27.03 MB·English

by  David L. Levinson, Alan R. Sadovnik

A N E N C Y C L O P E D I A
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EDUCATIOANN DS OCIOLOGY
AN ENCYCLOPEDIA
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ADVISORBYO ARD
KatheriBnoer man GaryN atriello
UniverosfSi otuytF hl orida TeacheCrosel gle
ColumUbniiav ersity
KevinD ougherty
TeacheCroslle ge FrancisRcaom irez
ColumUbniai versity StanfoUrndie vristy
DavidL abaree BarbarSac hneider
MichigSatna Utnei vseiyrt UniverosfCi htiyc ago
EDUCATIOANN DS OCIOLOGY
AN ENCYCLOPEDIA
DAVIDL .L EVINSON
GenerEadli tor
BergeCno mmuniCtoyl lege
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PetWe.rC ooksorn.,
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Co-editor
TeacheCrosl lege
Colmubia Uensriivty
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AlaRn. S adovnik
Co-editor
RutgeUrnsi vsetiry
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Educatainodsn o coigoyl an:e ncycloIp eeddiitaDo arvsi,1d. L evnisoPne,t erC oWo.k son,
J.rA,l aRn. S advonik.
p. cm.
Inclubdiebsl aipohgirrceaeflr enacnedis n dex.
ISBN0 -8153-161-51( alpka.p er)
1.E ducatsiooncoaiglo-y lEncyclopaesd.1i .L evinsDoanv,i1 d. IIC.o oksJor,n. ,P eWt.e r
IIIS.a dvonki,A laRn.
LC198.9.5E3280 10
306.-4d3c21 00-046866
CONTENTS
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Xlll
PREFACE ·,' xv
.
LISTO F CONTRIBUTORS XVl.l
EDUCATIOANN D SOCIOLOGAYN: INTRODUCTION 1
DavLi.dL evinasnAodln a Rn.S aodvkn i
ADOLESCENCAEN D SCHOOLS 17
NanycL esRkoo,b eJretnsat- eMsaoann,Jd o laWensdtaeo -frShuhtlz
ADULTE DUCATION 23
PeteKrat opes
AFFIRMATIAVCET IONI NE DUCATION 29
RoslAyrnlM iinc kne lso
AFRICA-NAMERICAANC HIEVEMENMTO TIVATION 43
MargraeHtu ntaenrWd a ltRe.r Allen
AT-RISSKT UDENTS 49
GaryN atriello
BILINGUAELD UCATION 55
VirgniaiV ogZealn ger
BROWN V.B OARODF E DUCATION 67
JennLife.Hr o chislcdh
CATHOLISCC HOOLS 75
HelMe.nM arks
CLASSROOPMR OCESSES 83
ElizaGb.Ce othhe n
CODET HEORYP,E DAGOGIDCI SCOUR,SA END SYMBOLICCO NTROL 89
AlnaR .S aodvkn i
v
Vl Contents
COMMUNITYC OLLEGES 99
Kevi]n.D oguherty
CONFLICTTH EORY 111
ChrsitpoherH]u.r n
COOPERATILVEEA RNINIGN E LEMENTARAYN D SECONDARSYC HOOLS 115
RoebrEt.S lavin
CULTURACLA PITAL 121
Timohty] .M adgian
CURRICULUM 125
AdaGma maonr
CURRICULUHMI STORY 133
IovrF. Goodson
DESEGREGATION 141
StpeheSna muSemli th
-.
DESEGREGATIOOFN H IGHERE DUCATION 151
FaitGh.P aul
ECONOMICOSF EDUCATION 169
IavrB egr
EDUCATIONAACLH IEVEMENATN D ATTAINMENT
INT HEU NITEDS TATES 181
ThomaMs.S mith
EDUCATIONAASLS ESSMENT 191
LesCl.iS eo odak
EDUCATIONAATL TTIUDESA:B STRACATN D CONCRETE 199
RoslAyrlniM ni cskoenl
EDUCATIONAPLR ODUCTIVITY 203
MarBke rse nd
EDUCATIONARELF ORMA ND SOCIOLOGIYN E NGLANDA ND WALES 211
GefforeyW aolfrd
EDUCATIONARLEF ORMI NT HEU NITEDS TATES1:9 80sA ND 1990s 221
AalnR .S adovPnetieWkr C,; o oknsJ,or. S,u sF.a Sne mealnD,da vLi.dL evinson
ELITEASN D EDUCATIONAL REFORM 235
PeteWr C ooknsJ,or. aBnrde nDdoany l
EQUALITIYN E DUCATION 241
MaureT.e Hna lalnin
ETHNICITY 247
EdiWt hK ing
Contents V11
ETHNOGRAPHY 255
PeteMrc LaraennAd m andDaa tnow
EXTRACURRICUALCATRI VITIES 261
PamelAan nQeu iroz
FUNCTIONALITSHETO RIEOSF EDUCATION 267
PeteWr C ookJsro.n A,aal nnRd .S advonik
GENDERA ND EDUCATION 273
SarDae loanmt
GENDERA ND MATH EDUCATION 281
KareKnar p
GENDERI NEQUALITY 289
LinGdraa anntXd �Lfa Rno ng
GENDERI NEQUALITYE DIUNC ATIOINN:T ERNATIONCAOLM PARISONS 295
KareBnra dley
GENDERS OCIALIZATAINODN E DUCATION:
WH EREW E'VEB EENA ND WH EREW E MIGHTG o 301
JoanZ .S pade
GLOBALIZATION 307
JohnB ail
HIGHS CHOOLD ROPOUTS 315
Aaorn PMal.l as
HIGHERE DUCATION 321
FloMy.dH ammack
HIGHERE DUCATIOINN:T ERNATIONAL 329
JameCs. H earna nJda Sna ndor
HIGHERE DUCATIOANN D SOCIAELQ UALITY 335
SpohaiC atsambis
HIGHERE DUCATIOINN T HEU NITEDS TATESA:C CESST O BYM INORITIES 343
ThomaMs.S mith
HIGHERE DUCATIOINN T HEU NITEDS TATESL:A TINOS 353
SusMaonr oea nnCdh adnrMau ller
HISTORICLAYLB LACKC OLLEGES 359
Jose0p.J hew elaln Wda ltRe.Ar l len
HOME SCHOOLINCGO:N TEMPORARY 365
MaralMeaeby erry
HOMELESCSH ILDREANN D YOUTH 371
RoysnAl rlMiinkc elson
Vlll Contents
HUMAN CAPITATLH EORY 377
DavLi.dL evinson
IDEOLOGAYN D CURRICULUM 381
YoshiNkozoa kainM di caheWl A plpe
IMPERIALIASNMD EDUCATION 387
MarBk.G insgba unTrdh omaCsl ayton
INTERNATIONCAOLM PETITIAONND EDUCATIOCNR ISES:
CROSS-NATIONSATLUD IESO F SCHOOLO UTCOMES 393
DavP.i Bda ker
IQ 399
ChsrtpioheJr.H urn
LONGITUIDNALS TUDIESA:N INTRODUCTIOONP:E NINGT HE BLACKB ox 403
KathrySn.S cihller
LONGITUDINSATLU DIESDA TAC OLLECTIOPNR OGRAM 409
CarSlcm hidt
MAGNETS CHOOLISN U RBANE DUCATION 421
RolfK. Blank
MASSS CHOOLING 429
Frnaics0c.oR amirez
MERITOCRACY 435
ThomsaB .H offer
MULTICULTURALISM 443
PatriGcainaadar
POLITIOCFSE DUCATION 451
KeviJn.D oguherty
PROGRESSIEVDEU CATION 463
SunsF. a Semel
QUASI-MARKEITNSE DUCATION 473
Geffo Whitty
RACEA ND EDUCATION 485
RoslAyrlniM ni kceslon
RESTRUCTURING 495
PeteMr.H alaln Pdat ricWk M/cG.i nty
SCHOOL-BASMEADN AGEMENTW:H AT ITI sA ND DOESI TM AKE A DIFFERENCE5 01
Pn"sWcoihslltleaKt etrerLri.B, ri ggsa,n Adm yU m Kirk
SCHOOLC HOICE 507
AmyS tuWaerltl s