Edible Insects and Insect-eating Habit in Northeast Thailand

10 Pages·2000·9.1 MB·English

Elyt1a,Tto(kyo,28(2):355-364,November15,2000
EdibleInsectsandInsect-eatingHabit inNortheastThailand
YupaHANB00NSONG ArjinRATTANAPAN
DepartmentofEntomology, GraduateSchool,
FacultyofAgriculture,KhonKaonUniversity, KhonKaonUniversity,
KhonKaon40002,Thailand, KhonKaen40002,Thailand,
Yuka UTSUNOMIYA and Kimio MASUMOT0
GraduateSchoolofHomeEconomics, InstituteofHumanLivingSciences,
OtsumaWomen'sUniversity, OtsumaWomen'sUniversity,
Tokyo,102-8357Japan Tokyo,102-8357Japan
Abstract EdibleinsectsinKhonKaenandotherprovincesofNortheastThailand
aresurveyed.Aictalof126speciesofedibleinsectswerecollecte and30 familiesin8
orderswereidentified.0fthesethebeetlesarethelargestgroupofedibleinsects.Insect-
eatjnghabjloflocalpeoplein19provincesofNortheastThailandwasobservedbyusinga
questionnairesurvey.Thirty-twospeciesofedibleinsectsareparticularlypreferred.Taste
isthemainreasonforeatinginsects.Mostedibleinsectsarecookedbeforeeating.Local
people'spreferenceisdifferentbetweenNorthThailandandNortheastThailand.
Introduction
Insectshavelongbeenusedasnutritious food inmanyplaces,suchasAfrica,
CentralandSouthAmericasandAsia(Hot_T,1885;SOMNASANGeta1.,1986;JONJOUB-
soNG,1993).InThailand,insect-eatinghasbeenpractisedforalongtimeandthrough-
outthecountry(WARAAssAwAPATIeta1.,1975;PITUG&pRAJOUBMUA,1992;anonym,
1gg3) Apartfromtraditionalknowledgeoflocalpeople,therehasbeenverylittlesCi-
entjfjcworksonedibleinsectsinThailand.UTsUNOMIYAandMASUMOTo(1999)have
reportedthatover t50speciesofediblebeetlesareeateninNorthernThailand.HOW-
ever,only50speciesofedibleinsectshavebeen recorded in Northeast Thailand
(WATANABE&SATRAwAHA,1984),eventhoughitisknownthatinSeCt-eatin9iSOneof
thesymbolicfeaturesoftheNortheastpeoples' liveliness(PITuG,1986).Awide「an9e
ofjnsectsatvariousstagesoftheirlifecyclecanbeconsumed.LocalwisdomiSthe
majnwayforthevillagerstoquicklydeterminewhichinsectsareedible.Highlydevel-
oped skj11s have been transmitted from generation to generation (SUNGPUAG &
puwAsATIEN, lg83).Thisunderstandinghas,however,graduallydeclinedwithSOCio-
economjcanddietaryhabitchanges.Therefore,itisurgenttostudytheCustomsofeat-
jnginsectsbygatheringrecollectionofolderpeoplestillavailableatPresentbutata
riskofbeinglostaltogether.
356 YupaHANB00NSONGetal
ThisworkwassupportedbyTRF/BIOTECSpecialProgramme forBiodiversity
ResearchandTraininggrantBRT542011.
Materialsand Method
1) Edibleinsectspecimensweremonthlycollected fromJanuarytoDecember
l999 fromthreevillagesofMuangDistrict, Khon KaenProvince(BanSongPluey,
BanNonRuangandBanTapra).Samplingwasmadebyusinginsectnets, light traps
anddiggingapparatuses.Sampleswerecollected fordrymountingasmuseumspeci-
mens.Theinsectspecimensweredeterminedbythefirstauthorattheinsectmuseum
ofKhonKaonUniversity, thelastauthoratOtsumaWomens' University,andseveral
Japanese,ThaiandAustrianspecialistsineachtaxonomicpart.
2) Ninehundredandfiftysetsofquestionnairesconcerninginsect-eatinghabit
weredistributedin19provincesofNortheastThailandthroughofficesofAgricultural
Extensionat theprovincialanddistrict levels. TheWaterOperationandMaintenance
OfficeofLum-DomnoiDam,andtheRoyalIrrigationDepartmentandtheCooperative
OfficeofMuangDistrict,MahasarakhamProvinceassistedwiththedatacollection.
Fivehundredandtwenty-sixofthemwereansweredbylocalpeople.Thedatawerean-
alyzedusingthepercentileandrankingmethodsonconsumptionof favoriteinsects.
Thetoptenofthepreferrededibleinsectswerefurtheranalyzedbasedonthequantity
pereachmonth.
Results
A. Edibleinsectsfromfieldco11ecting
EdibleinsectsfromNortheastThailandweremonitoredineverymonththrough
theyearof1999atthevillages(BanSongPluey,BanNonRuangandBanTapra).One
hundredandtwenty-sixspeciesof30familiesin8orderswerecollected.Thelargest
groupofedibleinsects,73species,belongstotheorderColeoptera.Thesecondlargest
groupistheorderOrthopterawith23species(Tablet).
B. Edibleinsectsfromthequestionnairesurvey
1) Favoriteedibleinsects.
Giantwaterbugwasthemostpopularedibleinsect for theNortheastpeople,
eatenby99.1%.Predaceousdivingbeetlesandwaterscavengerbeetlesandimmature
antswereeatenby thepeopleinhighpercentage. Thirty-twokindsofedibleinsects
above50%werelistedasfavoriteedibleinsects(Table2).
2) Occurrenceofedibleinsects.
About46%ofedibleinsectswasfoundfromthebeginningofrainyseason(May).
Duringthisseasonawiderangeofspeciesofedibleinsectswerefound.Then,number
ofedibleinsectsgraduallydecreasedfromtheendoftherainyseasontothedryseason
(August-March).Only6%ofedibleinsectswasfoundduringthedryseason(Fig.1
EdibleInsectsandInsect-eatingHabitinNortheastThailand 357
%
50
45
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
°
Fig. 1. OccurrenceofedibleinsectsfromNortheastThailand
andTable3).
3) Preparationandcookingofedibleinsects.
Variouswaysofcookingedibleinsectswereobservedamongthelocalpeoplein
NortheastasshowninTable4.Mostedibleinsectswerecookedbeforeeating. 0nly
about7%ofedibleinsectswereeatenrawwithoutanypreparation:giantwaterbugs,
adultsandimmaturesofwaterbeetles,ants,bees,grasshopper, wasp, cicadas,June
beetles,metallicbeetlesanddungbeetles.
4) Reasonsforeatinginsects
Approximately3/4ofthepeopleeatinsectsforthereasonof“tasty”.Somekinds
of insectssuch asgiant water bugwere used for seasoning and were also used as
snackswithalcoholdrinking. 0ther reasons foreatinginsects fortheNortheastpeople
arealsoshowninTable5.
Conclusion
Edibleinsectdatafromthefieldsurveythroughtheyearof1999haveshownthat
126speciesareeateninNortheastThailand. Beetles (Coleoptera)at least constitute
thelargestgroupofedibleinsectsconsumed.
Thequestionnairesurveyshowedthatatotalof32speciesofinsectsareeatenby
morethan50%ofthelocalpeople,andthethreeofthem,giantwaterbugs,predaceous
divingbeetlestogetherwithwaterscavengerbeetlesandimmatureants,arethemost
popular.Variousedibleinsectspeciescanbe foundmainlyduring therainyseason
(May-July)andthenumberofthemgraduallydecreasesduringthedryseason (Au-
gust-March).
358 YupaHANB00NSONGetal
Table 1. EdibleInsectsfromNortheastThailand
Order Name Name
Coleoptera Dytiscidae
Cope/afl1ssp. i''efessflcflclls(LINNE)
Cy01sre1-f,-ipu,1cfarllsasl'atollsSliARP ydaflclls''/Ia'1fofdesSHARP
Cy lsfe1-1,llgoslls(MAcLEAY) accop1/i/lls ll11ca''加sSHARP
Cybiste1-limbatusFABRlclUs R11antaticuscongestitsKLUG
Hydrophilidae
Hyd,・obiotnorp11aspi'lice/11s(EscHsCH0?TZ) Ste'-no1oplttlsr可tpes(FABRICIUS)
Hyd,・oph1'1usbilineatusREDTENBACHER
Scarabaeidae
p o llls(P a,・ap1/odllls)cl'enafllsHAROLD 0'1f11op1/agllsr1'agofdesBOUCOMONT
Aphodius(Pha,aphodius)1nalgine11tts Onthophagust1'agus(FABRICIUS)
(FABRlcIUs) 0'1thophagtlstrice'川' s(WIEDEMANN)
1/o 加s(P a・,ap1/od11'1s) ufea''加sREITTER
Cat11a1's1llsbir'na'1etlstsLANSBERGE 0'It;lOp/1agttSt''itube''(WIEDEMANN)
Catha1s'iusmo1ossus(LINNE) Ado1'eltlssp.1
Cop,・Is(s.str)ca'1nicusGILLET Ado'-etllssp 2
Copri's(s.str)'lei-sentWATERHOUSE Agest''ata01'1chalca(LINNE)
Copt'fs(Mid'oco-'s)'efe.nlsFABRlcIUs non7a/aa11gll/icepsARROW
Cop''Is(pal'aCOp''Is)plMC「llfafilSWIEDEMANN l101lla/aa'1f1gllaGYLLENHAL
Copt・Is(Pa・,acop,・Is)sp. ,1oma/ac/1aclfesSHARP
Cy111,1op/el//'11s'no/a'Ia''IllsHAROLD '10'11afadipl'1pesHOPE
Helioco'pisbilcep/1ahls(FABRlclUs) C11aetado1'etus c'1'bl'atusWHITE
Liato11gils(Palaliatongtls)''hada'mstus Hotel'o1lyc/1usliode''osREDTENBAcHER
(FABRICIUS) o/of''lc/Ilasp.1
0'1Ms川go'-LANSBERGE 0/0f''lc/Ilasp 2
0川'r1'ssll0opacllsARRow Mafade1'asp.
0'It/lop/tagusavocettaARROW 0t'votes''/ll'loco''os(LINNE)
011ti1op/1agtlsbo'1asus(FABRICIUS) Pachnessasp.
On「/lop/tagus /10'11川i1'加101MAsUMoT0 P''ofaef1asp.
On「/1op11agllso''fen「ailsHAROLD Sop1f''opsabsce'1ssusBRENsKE
011t/1ophaguspapldat1lsBoUcoMoNT Sophi'opsbit11belculatus(MOSER)
011thopltagussagitta''lus(FABRIclUs) X、'fofl'1lpesgldeon(LINNE)
0'1thop11agusso'lieu/us(FABRlclUs)
Buprcstidae
Stet'lOco''aaeglllslg'lataSAUNDERS Sfe'''lOco''a''litcOl'nfsSAUNDERS
Cerambycidae
Aeolest1/esSp. P1ocaede'-fisobesusGAHAM
lf0'Iagoツ'italHOPE Pfocaede''11s''1lfc0,-川sNEWMAN
Do1yst11enesbtlquet1'(GUERIN)
Curculionidae
Al'1'1lines1liltusFAUST Hvlp'necessqualnos11s(FABR1clUs)
.Al'''hlnessp.1 Polio'1de''aale'11ariaMoTscliULsKY
''''/lf'1esSp 2 /り'nc1/0p1/0''llsfe'1-'11g加eMs(0LlvIER)
sfycllsges 01MARSl-lALL Sep1o'mlsall''1v1'//fist'FAUST
Cnap/1oscapitsdeco・,atusFAUST Tany,necessp.
Genussp near e11-rlcfo1・1-1/加Is
EdibleInsectsandInsect-eatingHabitinNortheastThailand 359
Table t(Continued)
Order Name Name
Odonata Aesch'-dae
na .
Coena9r.2n.idae
'-:a . nsP.
Cordi=1i ae
,-, 'a-・ -・ a //. Sa LIEFnzcK
Libe=u1 ae
,- m. sP.
Orthoptera Acr・1d.
ac.:" ea(THuNBE ) ocM :u一fo・ :u一(LINN'E)
asP 〇・asP.
c.,。 c ,::::f・ 'c.-af(DE'-G二一(R)LINN.E) n oP,-ga・aa:::-:-:-・・ aa(Bo(LTHAUUNR)BRG)
Grlylld
'es ceaW ALKER -:--:f - esnro「 :n: S:uS(LICl・rrENSTElZ
M . o-:'・ //・.-c WAmLKER(WALKER) GG-;on・ .:"::://et sp M,n・ cd:ue- DEGEER
9 //: eMs( LKER)
Gry :ota1iPdae
G o ,n-..a ・l aM ・, /・n:aCHopARD
Manti・d
d '一一一一 o Is n・ SAUSSURE
Totr1・9 ae
r,--, r・ sP
Tetti・90ni
o c ,s::- ma'- (LEGUILL0U) = s ."a'-WHI
c o ,-:: ・ 0 "-a P・
rr-一 n e -・ - (WALKER)
Isoptera Tormjti e
Mac,,o - s 9 H AGEN)
Hemiptera Be1oStoma'-dae
c …“ 'M'・ us(LEPELEnERetSERvILLE) o sP'
COreid
- Iem'- fM・ na(FABIRCIUS) o"-oeoce sp
Ger「id
〇 d sf .加 c- (KIRKALDY)
NePjdae
=a /o P・ f,M.lLANSBURY o ,os,i 'e(LINN'E)
av . S'nL
360 YupaHANB00NSONGetal
Table t(Continued)
Order Name Name
N0to noct ae
n:・一 s a' l::- B ROoKS M一一n:?.s 〇:u:v.1,.lKIRKALDy
TeSSaatoru a e
nr 9op s . ・a nIanr-:-p-…一0S-:-(DRURY
eSsa, om'- a"::・ -u:(THUNB3ERG)
Homoptera C.lcadjdae
C,s::,e" ・'ac- P o,. lfoPM.//:,.MSp
t一一 . sp P/ /0-.sP.
Lepidoptera B0mbyc ae
Dn-o-,- n-o -' L N,E
HesP ri. ae
r-.-・. Mfa ,,m :r-, -m「一(LINN'E)
pya1.jdae
0・:„ .a e一…一…u一一::::1・sHAMpS〇Z
Hymenoptera AiPdae
nr.- e-:- BRICIUS . a,o afaFABRICIUS
Form.lcidae
0ec /y 'sn,a:-一一g na( BRICIus) ,0a C-u:sfa:-:-eaSMITH
Ve Pidae
e a a・ --s'-=:: osm・ens.-SP,EREZ
Traditionallyedibleinsectsarecooke grilled, deeply friedor used formaking
chillypaste.Somekindsareeatenraw.Tastinessisthemainreasonforeatinginsects.
So farasthebeetlesareconcerned,specieseateninNorthThailandarericher
(about100species) thaninNortheast Thailand(73species). Itmightbecaused from
biologicaldiversityduetothetopographicalcomplexityoftheNorth.Inthemeantime,
insect-eatinghabit isstillcommoneramonglocalpeopleinNortheastThailand.They
enjoytraditionaltasteandsupplyproteinfrominsects.
ThetopfavoriteedibleinsectsintheNortharethedynastidbeetles(image),ants
andbees, incontrasttothegiantwaterbugs,predaceousdivingbeetlestogetherwith
waterscavengerbeetlesandimmatureantsintheNortheast. Thisalsoshowsthatdif-
ference of insect-eating habits between North Thailand and Northeast Thailand is
deeplyrelatedtonaturalenvironmentofeacharea,amountaineoustropical rainforest
andaplateausavanna,respectively.
EdibleInsectsandInsect-eatingHabitinNortheastThailand
361
Table 2. Edibleinsectseatenbymorethan50%ofpeopleinNortheastThajland(MA)
Insectcommonname Answers %
Giantwaterbugs 521 991
Predaceousdivingbeetles&Waterscavengerbeetles 495 941
Immatureants 493 937
Molecrickets 436 829
Wingedants 431 819
Workerants 429 816
Commonblackcrickets 427 812
Imagoesofdragonflies 410 780
Winged-termites 401 762
Giantcrickets 386 734
Gianthoneybees 385 732
Crawlingwaterbeetles 356 677
SmallJunebeetles 343 652
Ricegrasshoppers 342 650
Smalllong-homedgrasshoppers 330 627
Paperwasps 325 618
Smallhoneybees 323 614
Cicadas 319 607
Backswimmers 318 605
Herculesbeetles 316 601
GiantJunebeetles 311 591
Wasps 304 578
Commonbrowncrickets 295 561
Giantdungbeetles 283 538
GreenishJunebeetles 282 536
Buffalodungbeetles 282 536
Whitegrubs 273 519
Patanga 271 515
Smallbrowncrickets 271 515
Slant-facedgrasshoppers 270 513
Metallicbeetles 268 510
Waterscorpions 267 508
Table3. Edibleinsectsoccurringineachmonth
Month Insects
January Ants,Predaceousdivingbeetles&Waterscavengerbeetles,Imagoesofdragonflies,
Crickets,Molecrickets
bruary Ants,Predaceousdivingbeetles&Waterscavengerbeetles,Imagoesofdragonflies,
Crickets,Molecrickets
March Ants,Predaceousdivingbeetles&Waterscavengerbeetles,Crickets,Molecrickets,
Imagoesofdragon ies,Grasshoppers,Wingedtermites
APrli一 Giantwaterbugs,Ants,Predaceousdivingbeetles & Water scavengerbeetles,
0ctober Crickets,Molecrickets,Imagoesofdragonflies,Giantcrickets,Wingedtermites
November Giantwaterbugs,Predaceousdivingbeetles&Waterscavengerbeetles,Crickets,
Molecrickets,Imagoesofdragonflies,Wingedtermites,Giantcrickets
December Giantwaterbugs,Predaceousdivingbeetles&Waterscavengerbeetles,Crickets,
Molecrickets,Imagoesofdragon ies,Giantcrickets
362 YupaHANB00NSONGetal
Table 4. variouswaysofcookingedibleinsectsinNortheastThailand
Cookingways % Insects
・Raw 7.3 Giantwaterbugs,Predaceousdivingbeetles&Waterscavenger
beetles,Ants,Imagoesofdragonflies,Crawlingwaterbeetles,
Backswimmers,Waterscorpions,Junebeetles,Grasshoppers,
Metallicbeetles,Dungbeetles,Bees,Wasps,Cicadas,Preda-
ceousdivingbeetles(immaturestage)
・Cooked 92.7 Giantwaterbugs,Predaceousdivingbeetles&Waterscavenger
beetles,Ants,Molecrickets,Crickets,Imagoesofdragonflies,
Wingedtermites,Giantcrickets,Bees,Crawlingwaterbeetles,
Junebeetles,Grasshoppers,Wasps,Cicadas,Backswimmers,
Herculesbeetles,Waterscorpions,Dungbeetles,Metallicbee-
tles,Predaceousdivingbeetles(immaturestage)
-parched 50.1 Giantwaterbugs,Predaceousdivingbeetles&Waterscavenger
beetles,Ants,Molecrickets,Crickets, Imagoesofdragonflies,
Wingedtermites,Giantcrickets,Bees,Crawlingwaterbeetles,
Junebeetles,Grasshoppers,Wasps,Cicadas,Backswimmers,
Herculesbeetles,Waterscorpions,Dungbeetles,Metallicbee-
tles,Predaceousdivingbeetles(immaturestage)
- fried 19.0 Sameasabove
-curried 11.9 Predaceousdivingbeetles&Waterscavengerbeetles,Ants,Mole
crickets,Crickets,Imagoesofdragonflies,Giantcrickets,Bees,
Crawlingwaterbeetles,June beetles,Grasshoppers,Wasps,
Cicadas,Backswimmers,Herculesbeetles,Waterscorpions,
Dungbeetles,Predaceousdivingbeetles(immaturestage)
-grilied 6.6 Giantwaterbugs, Bees, Predaceousdiving beetles(immature
stage),Wasps,Imagoesofdragonflies,Crawlingwaterbeetles,
Backswimmers,Grasshoppers,Crickets,Junebeetles, Bees,
Wasps, Water scorpions, Mole crickets, Crickets, Giant
crickets,Dungbeetles
3.8 Giantwaterbugs,Predaceousdivingbeetles&Waterscavenger
beetles, Molecrickets,Crickets,Giantcrickets, Imagoesof
dragonflies, Grasshoppers, June beetles, Winged termites
(maturestage),Bees,Dungbeetles,Wasps
3.0 Ants,Grasshoppers,Crickets,Giantcrickets,Junebeetles,Bees,
Wasps,Imagoesofdragonflies,Dungbeetles,Predaceousdiv-
ingbeetles(immaturestage)
2.8 Predaceousdivingbeetles&Waterscavengerbeetles,Ants,Ima-
goes of dragonflies, Bees, Crawling water beetles, Back
swimmers,Grasshoppers,Crickets,Junebeetles,Bees,Wasps,
Water scorpions, Mole crickets, Crickets, Giant crickets,
Predaceousdivingbeetles(immaturestage)
-steamed 1.7 Giant water bugs, Ants, Predaceous diving beetles & Water
scavenger beetles, Crickets, Giantcrickets, Mole crickets,
Wingedtermites(maturestage),Bees
-miscelianeous 1,3 Giantwater bugs, Ants,Grasshoppers,Junebeetles,Crawling
waterbeetles,Backswimmers,Bees,Wasps
EdibleInsectsandInsect-eatingHabitinNortheastThailand 363
Table 5. ReasonsforeatinginsectsinNortheastThailand(M.A)
Reasons Answers %
Tasty 391 743
Asasnackwithalcohol 370 703
Goodforsnacks 312 593
Traditionalmedicine 254 483
Asaningredientincookedmeals 254 483
Asaseasoning 168 319
Easytofind 160 304
Nomainavailablefood 158 300
Asmainavailablefood 120 228
Accessibleformassproduction 100 190
Otherreasons 82 153
Acknowledgement
AgratefulacknowledgementismadeforprovincialanddistrictlevelsofAgricul-
turalExtensioninNortheastThailand,Mrs.SuwimonNGows1LApAsART,Cooperative
OfficeofMuangDistrict,MahasarakamProvince,Mr.SomprachPAENGwoNG,Water
OperationandMaintenemce,Lum-DomnoiDam,UbolrachathaniProvince,Mr.Prat-
tanaPETcHARIT,Donta1-DongbangWittayaSchool,UdonthaniProvince forassistance
toconductthequestionnaires.
Thanksaredueto thevillagersin threevillagesofMuangDistrict (BanSong
Pluey,BanNonRuangandBanTapra),KhonKaenProvinceandMr.Di1okSARAwADl,
ResearchandDevelopment Institute,KhonKaonUniversity,whoallhelpustocollect
theedibleinsectspecimens.
DeepappreciationshouldbeexpressedtoDr.AngoonLlw、1ANlcH,Departmentof
Agriculture,Ministry ofAgricultureandCooperatives,Bangkok,Prof. Dr.Masataka
SAT0,NagoyaWomens' University,Emer.Prof.Dr.KatsuraMoRIMoTo,KyushuUni-
versity,Prof.Dr.MasamiHAYAsHI,SaitamaUniversity,Prof.Dr. TsukaneYAMAsAKI,
TokyoMetropolitanUniversity,Dr.MasaakiToMoKuNI,Dr.MamoruOwADA,Dr.Aki-
hikoSHINoHARA,NationalScienceMuseum(Nat.Hist),Tokyo,Dr.SadahiroOMoMo,
theMinistryofAgriculture,ForestryandFishery,Messrs.KaoruWADA,JoetsuEduca-
tionalUniversity,TakeshiITCH,OsakaCity,ShigeoTsUYUKI,ZushiCity,KaoruSAKAI,
Tokyo,andDr.HerbertZETTEL,NaturalHistoryMuseum,Vienna, for theircoopera-
tioninidentifyingthespecimens.
要 約
YupaHANB00NsoNG・ArjinRATTANApAN・字都宮由佳・益本仁雄:東北タイの食用昆虫・食虫
習俗について. - コンケンを中心とする東北タイの食用昆虫を調査した. その結果, 8目30
科126種の食用昆虫が確認された. このうち, コウチュウ日がもっとも多かった. 一方, 東北
364 YupaHANB00NSONGetal
タイl9県の住民の食虫習俗に関して質問紙を用い実態調査をおこなった. 32種の食用昆虫が
とくに好まれていた. 味覚がよぃとぃうのが食虫習俗のおもな理由であった. また, ほとんど
の食用昆虫は食べる前に調理されていた.北タイと束北タイでは住民の食用昆虫選好性に違い
がみられた.
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