Edexcel international GCSE Chemistry: Edexcel Certificate in Chemistry

281 Pages·2013·24.049 MB·English

by  Wensley, Robert;Hill, Graham C

Graham hill
robert wensley
editor: Jason murgatroyd
Edexcel International GCSE
Chemistry
EDEXCEL CERTIFICATE IN ChEmIsTRy
In order to ensure that this book offers high-quality support for the associated Edexcel qualification,
it has been through a review process by the awarding body to confirm that it fully covers the teaching
and learning content of the specification or part of a specification at which it is aimed, and
demonstrates an appropriate balance between the development of subject skills, knowledge and
understanding, in addition to preparation for assessment.
While the publishers have made every attempt to ensure that advice on the qualification and its
assessment is accurate, the official specification and associated assessment guidance materials are
the only authoritative source of information and should always be referred to for definitive guidance.
No material from this endorsed book will be used verbatim in any assessment set by Edexcel.
Endorsement of this book does not mean that the book is required to achieve this Edexcel qualification,
nor does it mean that it is the only suitable material available to support the qualification, and any
resource lists produced by the awarding body shall include this and other appropriate resources.
The CD content has not been reviewed or endorsed by Edexcel.
The publisher would like to thank Silvia Newton for her contribution to the CD content.
The Acknowledgments are listed on page viii.
Although every effort has been made to ensure that website addresses are correct at time of going
to press, Hodder Education cannot be held responsible for the content of any website mentioned.
It is sometimes possible to find a relocated web page by typing in the address of the home page for a
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Orders: please contact Bookpoint Ltd, 130 Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4SB.
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with a 24-hour message answering service. Visit our website at www.hoddereducation.co.uk
© Graham Hill, Robert Wensley 2013
First published in 2013 by
Hodder Education
An Hachette UK Company,
338 Euston Road
London NW1 3BH
Impression number 5 4 3 2 1
Year 2017 2016 2015 2014 2013
All rights reserved. Apart from any use permitted under UK copyright law, no part of this publication
may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including
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Cover photo © Andrew Brookes/Corbis
Typeset in ITC Legacy Serif by Aptara, Inc.
Printed in Italy
A catalogue record for this title is available from the British Library.
ISBN 978 1 444 179149
Contents
Getting the most from this book vi
Acknowledgments viii
Section 1 Principles of chemistry 1
1.1 Evidence for particles 2
1.2 Particles in motion 5
1.3 Atoms and molecules 8
1.4 Separating materials 11
1.5 The structure of atoms 16
1.6 Atomic number and mass number 19
1.7 Isotopes 21
1.8 The arrangement of electrons 24
1.9 Measuring atoms 29
1.10 Using relative atomic masses 31
Summary 35
Exam-style questions 36
Extend and challenge 38
Principles of chemistry 2
1.11 Writing formulae 40
1.12 Particles in reactions – equations 44
1.13 Formulae and equations 47
1.14 Chemical bonding 53
1.15 Electricity in everyday life 57
1.16 Which substances conduct electricity? 60
1.17 Investigating electrolysis 63
1.18 Charges on ions 66
1.19 Giant ionic structures 72
1.20 The structure of substances 75
1.21 Simple molecular substances 78
1.22 Diamond and graphite – giant covalent structures 82
1.23 The properties of metals 85
Summary 88
Exam-style questions 90
Extend and challenge 92
Contents
Section 2 Chemistry of the elements
2.1 Patterns of elements 94
2.2 Modern Periodic Tables 97
2.3 The noble gases 100
2.4 Group 1 elements 103
2.5 Group 7 elements 105
2.6 Reactions of the halogens 108
2.7 Oxidation and reduction 111
2.8 The air 114
2.9 Oxygen 117
2.10 Carbon dioxide 121
2.11 The reactions of metals 124
2.12 Rusting 131
2.13 Tests for ions, gases and water 133
Summary 138
Exam-style questions 140
Extend and challenge 146
Section 3 Organic chemistry
3.1 Alkanes from oil and gas 148
3.2 Ethene 154
3.3 Alcohol – from ethene or sugar 157
Summary 160
Exam-style questions 161
Extend and challenge 162
Section 4 Physical chemistry
4.1 Acids and their properties 164
4.2 Neutralisation 171
4.3 Bases and alkalis 174
4.4 Salts 177
4.5 Preparing soluble salts 180
4.6 Energy changes and enthalpy changes 183
4.7 Measuring enthalpy changes 187
4.8 Enthalpy changes and bonding 192
4.9 Studying reaction rates 195
4.10 Making reactions go faster 198
4.11 Temperature and reaction rates 201
4.12 Catalysts and reaction rates 205
4.13 Reversible reactions 209
Summary 212
Exam-style questions 214
Extend and challenge 218
iv
Contents
Section 5 Chemistry in industry
5.1 Raw materials to metals 220
5.2 Extracting iron from iron ore 223
5.3 Electrolysis of aluminium oxide 226
5.4 Crude oil 229
5.5 How pure is our air? 232
5.6 Cracking – more gasoline from crude oil 235
5.7 Addition polymers from alkenes 238
5.8 Condensation polymers 241
5.9 Manufacturing ammonia – the Haber process 244
5.10 From ammonia to fertilisers 250
5.11 Sulfuric acid 254
5.12 Salt – an important ionic compound 257
Summary 260
Exam-style questions 262
Extend and challenge 266
Periodic Table
267
Relative atomic masses
268
Index
269
v
Getting the most from this book
Getting the most from this book
Welcome to the Edexcel International GCSE and Certificate Chemistry
At the start of each Section you Student Book. This book has been divided into five Sections, following the
will find the learning objectives structure and order of the Edexcel Specification, which you can find on the
for that Section. Edexcel website for reference. Section 1 has been divided into two parts to
help you structure your learning.
Each Section has been divided into a number of smaller Chapters to help
you manage your learning.
The following features have been included to help you get the most from
this book.
research • calculate
Try the activity before you start, and
then have a look at it again once you
have completed the Section to see if
your responses are different before and
after learning more about the topics.
PractIcal
Practical boxes highlight the
practical work covered in the book.
They provide hints on key things to
remember, or alternative practical
work that you can do to help you
learn more about that topic.
vi
Getting the most from this book
EXAm TIP
Exam tips throughout the book will
guide you in your learning process.
studY QuestIOns
At the end of each Chapter you
will find Study Questions. Work
through these in class or on your
own for homework. Answers are
available online.
You will find Exam-style questions
at the end of each Section cover-
ing the content of that section and
the different types of questions At the end of each Section, you
you will find in an examination. will find a summary checklist,
Mark schemes are available highlighting the key facts that
on the CD. you need to know and under-
stand, and key skills that you
Formulae have been highlighted learnt in the Section.
so that you can easily find them
as you work through the book.
Remember that in your exam you
extend and challenge
will be given some formulae; others
you have to memorise as detailed When you have completed all the Exam-
in the Edexcel specification. style questions for the Section, try the
extension activity.
AIdnwdtieotrir aok cnttahil rvroe eusqgouhiu zrazcreees s oif onn rc tlyhuoed ui CntDgo . vii
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viii
1
Principles
of chemistry 1
Everything around us, everything we use, and even our bodies,
DISCUSS • PRESENT
depend on taking raw materials like this iron ore and transforming it
into useful substances. The cars we ride in depend on the chemical
1 Make a list of 20 items you have
used today. Separate them into processes that turn the iron ore into steel.
two groups: those that are good
Why are some substances solids, others liquids and some gases?
conductors of electricity and those
that are poor conductors. Can What are the rules governing chemical reactions? How can we predict
you suggest why some materials what will happen in different reactions? How can we describe to other
conduct electricity and others do people easily in a universal language what is happening when two
not?
substances react together?
2 Find out what a shorthand typist
used to do. Suggest what use To understand all of these we need to know the science of substances –
‘shorthand’ might be in chemistry. the principles of chemistry.
3 There are two methods for making
a chemical fertiliser. One method
By the end of this section you should:
turns 60% of the raw materials
• be familiar with the states of matter
into the fertiliser. The other
• know how to obtain pure substances
method converts 90% of the raw
• be able to describe the structure of an atom using information from
materials into the fertiliser, but
uses four times as much energy. the Periodic Table of elements
Suggest the economic and • be able to describe the electronic configuration of the first
environmental advantages of each 20 elements of the Periodic Table
process. • be able to calculate the relative formula mass of a compound.
1