Edexcel International Gcse and Certificate Biology Student's Book

300 Pages·2013·25.356 MB·English

by  Edexcel (Organization), Delpech, Roger, Larkcom, Erica

ERICA LARKCOM
ROGER DELPECH
Editor: John Gogarty
Edexcel International GCSE
Biology
EDEXCEL CERTIFICATE IN BIOLOGY
In order to ensure that this book offers high-quality support for the associated Edexcel qualification,
it has been through a review process by the awarding body to confirm that it fully covers the
teaching and learning content of the specification or part of a specification at which it is aimed, and
demonstrates an appropriate balance between the development of subject skills, knowledge and
understanding, in addition to preparation for assessment.
While the publishers have made every attempt to ensure that advice on the qualification and its
assessment is accurate, the official specification and associated assessment guidance materials are
the only authoritative source of information and should always be referred to for definitive guidance.
No material from this endorsed book will be used verbatim in any assessment set by Edexcel.
Endorsement of this book does not mean that the book is required to achieve this Edexcel qualification,
nor does it mean that it is the only suitable material available to support the qualification, and any
resource lists produced by the awarding body shall include this and other appropriate resources.
The CD content has not been reviewed or endorsed by Edexcel.
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© Erica Larkcom and Roger Delpech 2013
CD © Hodder & Stoughton 2013
First published in 2013 by
Hodder Education
An Hachette UK Company,
338 Euston Road
London NW1 3BH
Impression number 5 4 3 2 1
Year 2017 2016 2015 2014 2013
All rights reserved. Apart from any use permitted under UK copyright law, no part of this publication
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The publishers would like to thank Silvia Newton for her contribution to the CD content.
Cover photo © Stuart Monk – Fotolia
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Printed in Italy for Hodder Education, an Hachette UK Company, 338 Euston Road, London NW1 3BH
A catalogue record for this title is available from the British Library.
ISBN 978 1 444 179125
Contents
Acknowledgements v
Getting the most from this book vi
Section 1 Living organisms: variety and
common features
1.1 Characteristics of living organisms 2
1.2 Variety of living organisms 7
1.3 Cells and their organisation 11
1.4 Biological molecules 18
1.5 Movement of substances into and out of cells 30
Summary 39
Exam-style questions 40
Extend and challenge 42
Section 2 Nutrition and respiration
2.1 Nutrition in flowering plants 46
2.2 Human nutrition 55
2.3 Respiration 64
Summary 70
Exam-style questions 71
Extend and challenge 72
Section 3 Movement of substances in living
organisms
3.1 Gas exchange in flowering plants 76
3.2 Gas exchange in humans 82
3.3 Transport in living organisms 90
3.4 Transport in flowering plants 94
3.5 Transport in humans (1) – blood, structures and functions 102
3.6 Transport in humans (2) – heart and blood circulation 108
Summary 115
Exam-style questions 116
Extend and challenge 119
Section 4 Coordination and control
4.1 Excretion in flowering plants 122
4.2 Excretion in humans 124
4.3 Coordination and response in living organisms 130
4.4 Coordination and response in flowering plants 134
4.5 Coordination and response in humans 138
Summary 149
Exam-style questions 151
Extend and challenge 153
Contents
Section 5 Reproduction and inheritance
5.1 Reproduction in living organisms 156
5.2 Reproduction in flowering plants 160
5.3 Reproduction in humans 170
5.4 Genes and chromosomes 178
5.5 Patterns of inheritance 184
5.6 Variation, change and evolution 195
Summary 204
Exam-style questions 206
Extend and challenge 208
Section 6 Ecology and the environment
6.1 The organism in the environment 212
6.2 Feeding relationships 216
6.3 Cycles within ecosystems 223
6.4 Human influences on the environment 229
Summary 239
Exam-style questions 240
Extend and challenge 242
Section 7 Use of biological resources
7.1 Using crop plants to produce food 244
7.2 Using microorganisms to produce food 251
7.3 Producing food in fish farms 255
7.4 Selective breeding 259
7.5 Genetic modification (Genetic engineering) 263
7.6 Cloning 271
Summary 279
Exam-style questions 280
Extend and challenge 282
Index 285
iv
Acknowledgements
Acknowledgements
Every effort has been made to trace the copyright holders of material reproduced here. The following material is
reproduced with kind permission:
■ Earth System Research Laboratories, Graph of monthly mean CO at Mauna Loa from http://www.esrl.noaa.gov/
2
gmd/ccgg/trends US Department of Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.
■ ‘Bleeding Canker of Horse Chestnut’, map of geographical locations reported to Forest Research Disease
Diagnosis Advisory Service from http://www.forestry.gov.uk/fr/INFD-6KYBGV. © Crown copyright 2012.
■ Anne Bebbington, Table 6.3, data extracted from SAPS-FSC Plants for primary Pupils 5 (Plants in their natural
environment) from http://www.saps.org.uk/attachments/article/88/SAPS_Plants_in_their_natural_environment_PartD.
pdf.
■ Fred Pearce, Graph (Mann, Bradley & Hughes, Nature 1998) from ‘Variations of the Earth’s surface temperature’,
from http://www.guardian.co.uk/environment/2010/feb/02/hockey-stick-graph-climate-change,The Guardian
(2 February, 2010).
■ Climate Choices & Children’s Voices, Graph of ‘Northern hemisphere. Departures in temperature (celcius) from
the 1961 to 1990 average’ (adapted) from http://www.climatechoices.org.uk/pages/cchange3.htm.
Permission for re-use of all © Crown copyright information is granted under the terms of the Open Government
Licence (OGL).
v
Getting the most from this book
Getting the most from this book
Welcome to the Edexcel International GCSE and Certificate Biology Student Book. This book has been divided into
seven sections, following the structure and order of the Edexcel specification, which you can find on the Edexcel
website for reference.
Each section has been divided into a number of smaller parts to help you manage your learning.
The following features have been included to help you get the most from this book.
TO THINK ABOUT . . .
Try the activity before you start, and
then have a look at it again once you
have completed the Section, to see if
your responses are different before and
after learning more about the topics.
STUDY TIP
Study tips throughout the book will
guide you in your learning process.
You will find the learning
objectives for each Section
on the CD.
PRACTICAL
Practical boxes highlight the
practical work covered in the book.
They provide hints on key things to
remember, or alternative practical
work that you can do to help you
learn more about that topic.
vi
Getting the most from this book
STUDY QUESTIONS At the end of each Section,
you will find a summary
At the end of each Chapter you
checklist, highlighting the
will find Study Questions. Work
key facts that you need to
through these in class or on your
know and understand, and
own for homework. Answers are
key skills that you learnt in
available on the CD.
the Section.
You will find Exam-style questions
at the end of each Section covering
the content of that Section and the
different types of question you will
find in an examination. Mark schemes
are available on the CD.
EXTEND AND CHALLENGE
When you have completed all the Exam-style
questions for the Section, try the Extend and
Challenge questions.
vii
Picture credits
Picture credits
The authors and publishers would like to thank the following for permission to reproduce copyright illustrations:
p.1 l © Kirill Kurashov – Fotolia.com; tc © Herve Conge, ISM / Science Photo Library; bc © Monty Rakusen / Getty Images;
r © Dr Kari Lounatmaa / Science Photo Library; p.2 tr © Modis / NASA; br © Kenneth Libbrecht / Science Photo Library; bl ©
Pascal Goetgheluck / Science Photo Library; tl 01_02d © Bjanka Kadic / Science Photo Library; p.8 tl © Perry – Fotolia.com; tr ©
Erica Larkcom; ctl © Nigel Pavitt / JAI / Corbis; ctr © Sinclair Stammers / Science Photo Library; cb © Oxford Scientific / Getty
Images; b © Roger Delpech; p.9 cbl © Centre For Bioimaging, Rothamsted Research / Science Photo Library; b © CDC / Science
Photo Library; cbr © James Cavallini / Science Photo Library; tl © Dr Kari Lounatmaa / Science Photo Library; tr © BSIP /
Science Photo Library; ct M. I. Walker / Science Photo Library; ccr © LSHTM / Science Photo Library; ccl © Sinclair Stammers /
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© Ed Reschke / Getty Images; p.14 © Roger Delpech; p.18 t © Image Source Plus / Alamy; b © Thomas Deerinck, NCMIR /
Science Photo Library; p.21 t © Dr Keith Wheeler / Science Photo Library; b © Biophoto Associates / Science Photo Library;
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viii
1
Living organisms:
variety and
common features
Seeing inside living organisms
TO THINK ABOUT . . .
The two images of cells and their internal structures were obtained
• Make a list of things you know using different microscopes. The first microscope is one that you
occur inside cells.
might use in your biology course and it gives an image of a plant
• Name some organisms that are
cell with chloroplasts. With this microscope, a beam of light is shone
made up of one cell only.
through the specimen, and then the light passes through a system of
• Make a list of some of the
lenses that magnify the specimen and let you see inside the cell. The
different types of cells that are
maximum useful magnification with this light microscope is around
found in plants and in animals.
1500. If the magnification is any higher, the image becomes too
blurred to see any detail.
The second image of a cell was taken with an electron microscope,
shown with two people using one. The electron microscope uses a
beam of electrons rather than light and magnifications of 100 000
are quite common. That is how the detail inside a chloroplast can be
revealed. A disadvantage of the electron microscope is that specimens
have to be killed and sliced, so living material cannot be observed.
By using microscopes, we know that living organisms are made up of
Try to answer these questions
‘cells’ and scientists have also learnt about the smaller structures inside
at the start of this section, then
the cells, such as the chloroplasts you see in these images. But are all
come back to them when you have
cells the same? Or are there different kinds of cells in the diverse range
completed the section to see how
far you have progressed in your of living organisms we can observe: plants, animals, fungi and bacteria?
understanding. How do cells work together within an organism and how do cells
connect with each other, allowing materials to move between them?
Review the learning outcomes you should aim to achieve as you work through this section.
1