Edexcel A2 Biology Revision Guide

106 Pages·2009·18.15 MB·English

by  Mr Gary Skinner

I
PublibshyPe eda rson EdLuicmaittaie odcn,o mpianncyo rpoirEnan tgeldaa nndd
Wales, haviintrgse gisteraeEtdd if.Jo;uf rfgGihac teeH ,a rloEws,s eCxM,2 02 JE.
Regsiteredc ompannuym be8r7:2 828 I
Edexciesal r egistetrreadmd aer okfE d excel Limited
I
Text©P earsEodnu cation L2i0m0it9e d
Alpla setx amq uesti©o nEsd excel
Ther ighotfsG arSyki nnre, RobiHna rbou(rEds sCeoxu ntyC ouncainlEd)d L eetsob e
iednteidfa ist haeu thoofrt sh iwosr hka veb eena ssertbeytd heimna ccordwaintche
teh Coyprig,hD tesigannsPd a teAncttos f1 988.
Firpsutb li2s0h0e9d
121110
1098765432
BritiLsihb raCrayt aloguiinnP gu blicatDiaotna
A catalorgeuceo frodr t hbioso ikas v ailafbrloemt heB ritLiisbhr ary
ISBN9 718 846909595
Copyrignhott ice
Alrli ghrtess ervNeodp .a rotfth isp ublicamtaiyob ne r eproduicnea dn fyo romrb y
anmye ans( inclupdhiontgo cooprys itnogri iti nna gn ym ediubmy e lectrmoenaincs
andw hetohren ro ttr ansioerin ntcliyd etnost oamloelt yh uesroe f t hpiusb lication)
withotuhtwe r itpteernm isosfti hoceno pyroiwgnheter x,c eipnat c cordwaintche
thper oviosfit ohCneos p yriDgehsti,ga nnsPd a teAnctt1s 9 8o8r u ndetrht ee romfs
a liecnce issubeytd h Ceo pyrLiigchetn AsgienncgSy ,a ffHroouns 6e-,01 K irSbtyr eet,
LondoEnCN 1 8 TS( www.colu.ak.A)cp.p licaftoitroh cneos p yroiwgnhetwr r'is tten
permisssihono ublead d dreststohe epd u blisher.
Exterpnraolj emcatn agembeySn uteK earsey
EditbeydL iJzo nes
Typesbeyt3 20D esigLnt d
IllustrbayOt xefdo rDde sig&n Ielrlsu strators
Coveprh ot©o JupiUtneilmrti de
PrintienMd a lays(iCaT P-VVP)
Acknowledgements
Edexcreelv iebwyM artFiunr nemsist-UhSY,SE Gr evieAwn nbSeyc ott
We woulldit koet haDnakm iRaind dlAnen,e S coatntEd l izaSbweitnhb afnotkrh eir
contributions
Disclaimer
Thimsa terhiabasle epnu blishbeedh aoolfEnf d exacnedol f fheirgsh -qsuuaplpiotryt
fotrh dee liovfEe dreyx qcueall ifications.
Thisd oenso tm eant hatthm ea etraili se ssenttioaa clh ieavneyE dexqcuelalfiic ation,
nord oesi mte ant haitt i tsh oen lsyu itambaltee raivaali latbols eu ppaonryEt d excel
qualificEadteixocnme.al t erwiiallnl o tb eu sedv erbatiinsm e tting anyE dexcel
examinatoirao sns essmeAnntyr. e sourlciesp trso ducbeydE dexschealiln cll utdhei s
ando thearp rpopriatree sources.
Copieosfo ffiscpieacli fifcoaarltE lid oexncsqeu la lificmaatyib onefs o uonndt he
Edexcweelb iste: www.edexcel.com
J
Revisitoenc hniques 4 Theh earetn.e rgayn de xercise so
Homeostasis 52
How tou set hiRse visiGouni de 5
Healtehx,e rcainsdes port 54
Questiotny peisn G CEB iology 6 Topi7c c hecklist 56
Uni4t: ThNea turEanlv ironmeanntd S pecies ResultsBPuliulBsde: t tAenrs wers 57
Practqiucees tions 58
Survailv
Topi5c: O n thew ilsdi de 8 Topi8c: G reym atter 60
Photosynth1e sis 8 Respondtiont gh ee nvironment 60
Photosynt2h esis 10 Neuronaensd n erviem pulses 62
Energtyr ansafbeurn,d anacnedd istributi1o2 n Vision 65
Investignautmibnegra sn dd istribution1 4 Thes tructouftr hee h umanb rain 66
Speciatainoden v olution 16 Braidne velopment 67
Greenhoguassee asn dt hec arbocny cle 18 Learnianngdh abituation 69
Impacotfsg lobwaalr ming 20 Effeocfti sm balanicnbe rsa icnh emicals 70
Topi5c c hecklist 22 Useosf g enetmiocd ification 72
ResultsBPuliulBsde: t tAenrs wers 23 Topi8c c hecklist 74
Practqiucees tions 24 ResultsBPuliulBsde: t tAenrs wers 75
Practqiucees tions 76
Topi6c: I nfectiiomnm,u nitayn df orensics 26
Uni5t s pecimpeanp er 78
Decaayn dd ecomposition 26
Uni5t comprehenpsriaocnt ice 82
DNA profiling 28
DNA andp rotesyinnt hess i 30 Unit6: P ractBiicoallao ngdyI n vestigaSktililvse8 4
Infectious adnidts heeai smemsu ner espons3e2 Gettisntga rtweidt h yionuvre stigation84
Infection, parnedcv eonnttiroonl 34 Planning 85
Topi6c c hecklist 36 Plannintgr-iianlv estigations 86
ResultsBPuliulBsde: t tAenrs wers 37 Observianngdr ecording 87
Practqiucees tions 38 Dealiwnigt dha ta 88
Uni4t s pecimpeanp er 40 Interpraentdie nvga luating 89
Answertso i n-teqxute stions 90
Unit5 :E xerciasned C oordination
Answertso p ractiqcuee stions 95
Topi7c: R unf ory ourl ife 44
Answertso s pecimepna peqru estions 99
Musclaensd m ovement 44
l Energayn dt her oloe=A TPi nr espiration4 6 Index 102
Krebcsy claen dt hee lecttrroann spcohrati n 48
L
l
Il
l
l
Gettisntga rtceadnb et heh ardepsatr otf r evisiond,o nb'ltue ta viett ool atRee.v ise
litatnldeo fteIDn o n'stp entdo ol ogn ona nyo nes ectibountr, e viistsi etv ertailm es,
andi ft heriess omethiynogud on'utn derstaansdky, o utre achfeorhr e lp.
Jusrte aditnhgr ouygohu nro teissn ote nougTha.k aen a ctiavpep roaucshi nsgo meo f
ther evistieocnh niqsuuegsg estbeedl ow.
I
Active
�
workbse swth en
Tesyto urself
Make sured oyno'eutn du pj uscto pyionugty ounro teisnf ulUls.es omeo ft hese
techniqtuope rso duccoen densneodt es.
• Tablaensd l isttops r eseinntf ormactoinocni sely
• Indecxa rdtsor ecotrhde m osti mportpaonitn ftoser a chs ection
• Flocwh arttosi dentsitfeypi sna process
• Diga1a mst op reseinfnotr mativoins ually
• Spiddeira grammisn,d m apsa ndc oncempatp st os howt hel inbkest weeind eas
• Mnemonitcosh eiyro ur emembelri sts
• Glossatroim eask es uryeo uk nowc leadre finitoifko enyst erms
Inclupdaeg er eferentcoye osu nro teosr t extboUoske.c oloaunrd h gihlighgt tiopn ick
outk eyt erms.
Usinag v arioefta yp proacwhielspl r eveynotu rre visbieocno -nibnogr inagn dw ill
Chectkh esp ec. makem oreo ft hei deasst icHke.r aer es omem ethodtsot ry.
Ify ouu ser esourfcreosm
• Explain ideatsoa partnearn da sk each qoutehsetri ons.
elsewhemraek,es urteh ecyo ver
• Makea podcaasntd p laiytb actk oy ourself.
ther igchotn teanttt h er iglhetv el.
• UseP owerPotionm ta kei nteracntoitveaesn dt ests.
• Searcthh ei nterfnoerat n imatitoenssat,ns d t utortihaalytso uc anu se
• Worki na groutpo c reaatned u seg amesa ndq uizzes.
Oncey ouh aver evisae tdo piyco,un eedt oc hectkh ayto uc anr emembaenrd a pply
whaty ouh avel earnt.
• Uset heq uestifornosmy outre xtboaonkdt hirse visgiuoind e.
• Gets omeonteo t esyto uo nk eyp oints.
• Trys omep asetx amq uestions.
Welcomteo y ouErd excAe2l BiologRye visiGouni dep,e rfewchte theyro u're
studyiSnagl teNrusf fiAedlvda ncBeid olo(gtyho er angbeo oko)r,t he' concept-led'
approatcohE dexcBeilo lo(gtyhg er eebno ok).
Thiusn iqugeu idper ovidyeosuw ittha ilosruepdp orwtr,i ttbeyns enoire xaminers.
Theyd rawo nr ea'lR esultsePxiaumds a't far opma sAt- leveexla msa,n dh aveu setdh is
toi dentciofmym onp ifatlslt hahta vec aughotu to thesrt udenatnsda, r eaosn w hich
tof ocuyso urre visAisoy no.u w orky ouwra yt hroutghhe t opiclso,oo ku tf otrh e
followfienagt utrherso ughtohuett e xt.
ResultsPElxuasm ineTri'ps
Thessee ctihoenlsyp o up erformt oy oubre sitn t hee xamb yh ighlighkteiyn g
termasn di nformatainoanl,y stihneqg u estiyoonusm ayb ea skeadn,d s howing
howt oa pproaacnhs weritnhge mA.l olf t hiissb aseodn d atfar omre al-lei fA-level
students!
Resul"i:WsaPtichuO sut
Thee xaminehrasv leo okebda cakt d atfar omp revieoxuasm tso f intdh ec ommon
pitfaalnldms i stakmeasd eb ys tudentasn-dg uidey ouo nh owt oa voirde peating
themin y ouerx am.
QuicQku estions
Uset hesqeu estiaosna s q uicrke catpot esyto ukrn owledagsey oup rogress.
Thinking Task
Thessee ctions pfruorvtihrdeeersa ercho ra nalysist otd aesvkesly oopu r
understanadnidnh gel ypo ur evise.
WorkedE xample
Thee xaminegrusi dyeo ut hroucgohm pleexq uatiaonndsc oncepptrso,v idsitnegp ­
by-stgeupi danocneh owt ot ackelxea mq uestions.
Eacth opiacl seon dsw ith:
-;-opiCch ecklist
Thissu mmariwsheast y ous houlkdn owf otrh itso piwch,i cshp ecificpaotiinotn
eachc heckpocionvte arnsd w herien t heg uidyeo uc anr eviisteU.s ei tt or ecord
youprr ogreassys o ur evise.
I
ResultsPBiuuislB de tter Answers
Heryeo uw ilfli nsda mpleex amq uestiwointseh x emplaanrs weresx,a minteirp s
anda c ommentacroym paribnogt ah basiacn da ne xcellent rseos ypooucn asne ;
I
seeh owt og ett heh ighemsatr ks.
:,�actiQcuee stions
Exam-stqyulees tioinnsc,l udmiunlgt iple-cohfofiepcrle e,n otfyp ractaihceea odf
I
thee xam.
BotUhn i4t a ndU ni5t c oncluwdiet ah S pecimePna petro t esyto ulre arniTnhge.s e
I aren oti ntendaestd i mefdu,l l-lengthb uptpa rpoevrisad, re a ngoef e xam-style
practqiucees ticoonvse ritnhger angoef c ontelnitk etloby e e ncountered within
thee xam.
I Thef inuanli cto nsiosfta sd viacned s uppoorntr esearsckihl glisv,i gnugi danocne
PractiAcssaels smteonh te lypo uw ritbee ttienrd iviidnuvaels tigations.
Answertsoa ltlh ei n-tqeuxets tioasnw se,ll a sd etailmeadrk,- by-marakn swetrost he
I
specimen pcaapneb resf ,o unadt t heb acko ft heb ook.
We hopey ouf intdh igsu idien valuaBbelseot.f l ucIk
I
I
..._
Multiplceh o�ce
A goomdu lticphloeiq cuee stgiiovnye osut hceo rraencstw aenrdo thpeors sible
answewrhsi cshe epml ausible.
Triglycaerrceio dmepso soefd: (1 )
D
3 glycmeorloelc ualn3ed fs a tatcyim do lecules
D
1 glycmeorloelc aunl3de f atatcyim do lecules
D
1 glycmeorloelc aunl1def atatcyim do lecule
D
3 glycmeorloelc aunl1ed s f atatcyim do lecule
Thbee swta yt oa nswaem ru lticphloeiq cuee stiitso orn e atdh qeu estainodtn r y
toa nswiebtre folroeoi knc:gtt hpeo ssiabnlsew eIrftsh .ae n swyeorut hougohfit s
amongtshtpe o ssiabnlsew ejrosbd- onJeu!s hta vael ooaktt hoet hpeors sibtiol ities
convince tyhoayutor uws eerlrefi ght.
Ift haen swyeorut hougohfit s nt'hte rleo,oa ktt hpeo ssiabnlsew earnsdt rtyo
elimiwnraotnaegn sweurnsty iolua rlee wfitt thh ceo rroencet.
Youd on'ta lnomysa er kbsyh aviang gu e(sfisy ouc anw'otr oku tth aen sw­er)
remembyeoruw on'stc oarney thbiyln ega vtihnaegn swbelra nIkfy! o un arrdooww n
thneu mbeofrp ossiabnlsew etrhsce,h ancofeh sa vianl gu ycg kueastst hrei ght
answweiril nlc rease.
Toi nditcahcteoe r raencstw peurat,c roisnts h beo fxo llowtihcneog r rsetcatt ement.
Ify ocu hanygoeu mri ndpu,at l itnher outghcher oasnsfd i ilnyl o unre wa nswweirt h
ac ross.
How Sccence Works
Thei debae hiHnodw SicenWcoer kisst og ivyeo ui nsiignhtttoh wea yisnw hich
scienwtoirskht:os wa ne xperiimdsee nsti ghnoewdt ,h eorainedms o dealrspe u t
togethhoewrd ,a taar aen alyhsoewds ,c ienrteissptotsnof d a ctsourcashs e thiacnsd,
soo na,n dt hwea ys ociieistn yv olivnme adk idnegc isaiboonusstc ience.
Manyof t hHeS W critaerrpeir aa ctaincdwa ilbl el teasspt aerdot fy ouprr actical
worHko.w evtehre,wr iebl elq uestioontn hswe r itutneipnta petrhsac to vseorm e
HSW criteSmroeioa f.t heqsuee isotnwsi ilnlv odlavteoa rg rapihn terpr(eHtWSa tion
5)-seteh nee xste ction.
Theo thceorm motny poefH S Wq uestwiioblnelb aseodnt hceo rper actQiuceasltsi.o ns
wicloln cenntorstao tm eu cohn w hayto ud idb,uw th yv arisotuesip nts h ceo re
practwiecriaeml p ortIatin'mtsp. o rttahnetr,e tfhoaryteo ,ku onww hatth vea risotuesp s
ine accho rper actwiecrdaeel s igtnode oda; n dt hayto ur evtihsceeo rper acticals.
Fore xamptlhei,an bko utthq eu estitohnacsto ubleda skeidnU nai 2t p apeornt he
corper actiinTc oap3li: 'c D esctrhisebt ea goefms i toasnidhs o wt op repaanrdes tain
ar oottis pqu asihno rder tot ::lhbepsmre arcvtei Hcearlesl,uy i.t'qa ubelset icoonusl d
include:
-whyd ow eu soen ltyh tei opft hreo ot?
-whicsht adionw eu se?
-whyd ow ep latchece u t itnai cpib dfe orset aining?
-whasta feptrye ciaounwtsc ulbder elevhaenraten ,dw hy?
You'alllsc oo mmongleyat s kqeude stiionnvso ldveisnigg annii nngv estitghaetsieo n:
arlei kteoil nyv opliveeco effs a miplriaacrt wiocrakTl.h C eO RMS prommpaty b e
usfeuhle re:
Control- Arey oui nvestigsaitmipnwlgiy t Ihw ithoau pta rticfualcatro r?
What raonfgv ea luaersey oul ookiantgl
Organis-mA rey ouu sinogr ganisofmt sh es ames exIa ge1 s izIes pecies?
Repeat -Taker eadinmgosr et haonn cea nda verage
Measure- Whata rey oum easuriHnogw?w ilylo um easurteh isW?h atu nits?
Same -Whichv ariabalreey( so)uk eepicnogn stant?
OtheHrS W questimoanysc oncentornaet teh iicsals useusr roundtionpgis cusc ahs
genet heraopryG M foods.
enterpretaotfog orna phs
Theg rapbhe loswh owtsh er esuolfta s s urvienyA mericoan,t hei ncideonfch ee art
diseaisnae d ulatgse d1 8a ndo lder.
Usintgh ei nformaitnit ohneg raphd,e scrhiobwet he1 ncideonfch ee ardti seaisse
affecbtyea dg ea ndg ender. (3)
soo
� 400
�
§
:.0� -3g_�0 0 Key
Cl!
.Co_0 D female
(5o D
Cl! g zoo male
��
"0Cl! Cl!�
·u a..
c 100
18-44 4S-64 6S-74 7Sa ndo ver
Youa lmosatl waygse to nem arkf osrt atitnhgeg enertarle -ndint hicsa steh atth e
incideonfch ee arrta tien creawsietsih,n creaasgienf,go bro tghe nderYso.uc ant hen
concentornai tned iviadsupaelco tfts h ed ataI.nt hicsa sew,h ats tanodust m osti st hat
18-44
femalheasv ael oweirn cideonfch ee ardti seatshea mna leesx,c eipntt he age
group. mYaoyau l scoo mmentth atth ed ifferbeentcwee etnh ei ncideinnmc ael easn d
65-74
femaliesls a rgeisnt the ageg roup.
Finaltlhye,ri esa lwayosn em ark fmoarn ipulaotfid oant aN.o tet hatth imsu st
I
bem anipul-aytoiudo onn 'gte tm arkfso rre adionfgtf h eg rapahn ds tatitnhge
numberyso,u h aveto d os omethiwnigt thh em!
I
fE�tend�qdu estions
5)
Int heA 2 unit(sT op4iac n dT opic youw ilclo mea croqsuse stiwointslh a rger
7
I numberosfm arksp,e rhauppst o6 or markisn t heq uestion.
Questiionnts h esuen itasr ed esignteobd e s ynoptiicno- thewro rdst,h eayr e
designfeodyr o ut os howk nowledggaei neidne arluineirt Bse.a trh iisnm indw hen
youa nswetrh eq uestitornty:o i nclurdeel evkannotw ledfgreo my ouArS c ourse when
answering qtuheesstei ons.
6
Remembetro,o t,h aitft heq uestiioswn o rthm arksy,o un eedt om akes ix
creditwoprotihnytT sh.i nakb outth ep ointthsa yto uw ilmla kea ndp utt hemt ogether
ina logisceaqlu enwchee ny ouw rityeo uarn sweOrn. l ongqeure st1otnhsee, x aminers
wilble l ookiantyg o uQrW C (QualoiftW yr ittCeonm municataisow ne)la ls t he
answeyro ug 1ve.
Uni4t :T heN aturEanlv ironamnednS tpe ciesS urvival
Photosynthiensviosl tvheers ,. d.e.uctioonfc arbodni oxi(d�C 0to2lc a rbohydrate_
ener
Thescea rbohydrcaatnbe esu sedt op rovide gyi nr espira(tsieToeonp r7c )T.he
_5t�.c;,. - hydrogfeontr h ipsr ocecsosm efsr omt hesp lttiigno fw atebry l ightth,ew aset oxygen
o"'� beinrge leaisnetdtoh e a tmosphere.
• P s.r Thicsa nb es ummariseldi kteh is:
• €)-c ewe"'
.., c"-<.V> I .tnr, t.-
ZH20 frtohmes oil
1\
4H 02
;
co,f <O<mh" •m "Ph'D"ia grasmh owintgh em ains tepisnp hotosyntLhiegshietsn .e rgsyp lits
strobnogn disn w atetro g ivhey drogaennd o xygen( whicihsr eleased
tot hea rmospheTrhee)h _y drogiessn t orienda fue(lg lucobsye )
Z('.:H20) reducincga rbodni oxitdoec arbohydrate.
Ify ouim agine thea bovhea ppeningt hretei meyso,u h aveC 6H120wh6i,c ihsg lucose
(anad n umbeorf o thesru garsse,eT opi1c. A1S ).
Sot,h eo veraelqlu atiiosn:
Thes plitotfiw nagt ebry l igihsct a llpehdo tolysThiese .n ergfyo rt hisst eipsf ir st
trappbeyda pigmenmto lecuclael lcehdl orophyll.
Theo verparlolc eissas c hievientd w ol inksetda gceasl ltehdel ight-dependent
reactiaonndst hel ight-indepernedaecntti ons.
reducNeAd DP
light-dependent lig-hitndependent
reactions reactions
InT opi7c,R unf oyro ulri fyeo,uw ill
meeta v ersyi milsaurb stantcoe
NAOPc,a llNeAdD .I tt ooa ccepts Summaryo fp hotosyntshheoswiisnt gh el inklieghdt -dependenrte acti(oinwnsh icwha teirss plit
electrbountts r nyo tm ixu pt het wo. andA TPa ndr educNeAdD Pa rem ade)a.n dt hel ight-indepreenadcetni(toi nwnsh icthh ee nergy
froAmT Pa ndr educipnogw efrr omr educNeAdD Pa reu setdo m akes ugar).
GreeBno ok5 .1O rangBeo ok5 .2
Topic t5h:we i Olsndi de
Thel ighdte=pende�rte ac\iiob"llS
Int hipsr oceas psa,i orf e lectrfornosmc hlroophyilsbl o ostteoda higheenr erglye vel _::/:_
-.� Results"Pius :
byt hel igehnte rgiyth ast rappeHde.r teh eayr ea cceptbeyda ne lectarcocne ptor � Examiner
andt hepna sseadl onag c h�:onfc arriEenresr.gr ye leaisseu ds etdo c onveArDtP ""� \ .·. ' tip ·
andi norgapnhiocs pha(tPeii )n tAoT PT hipsr oceisscs a llpehdo tophosphorylation
Youw ilnlo tb ee xpectteord e call
(thlei ght-dardidvietnio fop nh osphaTthee)e lectrtohnesen n tearn othcehrl orophyll
detaoiflp sh otosystbeumtys o u
molecuTlhee.e lectreovnesn tuapalsltsyo N ADPw itthh eh ydrogferno mw ater
mayb ee xpecteudn dteor stand
tof ormr educNeAdD PT.h eA TPa ndr educNeAdD Pa ret heuns eidn t hel ight­
theriorl eistf h eayr ep arotfa n
independreenatc titoomn ask ec arbohydfrraotmce a rbodni oxide.
examq uestion.
Key
-"'�f loowf e lectrionnn so n-cyclic
photophosphorylation
-y. floowf e lectrioncn ysc lpihco tophosphorylation
chaionfse lectrcoanr riers
··
.�- ,..- ResultSP"ius �-
Examin. teirp · :.·
-.,..::., � • � •: ' ,j •
Nevetrr tyo a nswear q uestiwoint l
jusatd iagraaml,w ayisn clusdaem
explanaotfiw ohna its g oinogn .
NADP
+ 2H+
J
f Q1T hed iagrsahmo wtsh ere sults
reduced
ofa ne xperimienwn hti cahi r
NADP contaiinsiontgo 1p8e0sa2 n d
watecro ntainHi2n1g6w 0a s
increasing
bubbltehdr ouag hs uspension
energy
light ofa lgae.
level
Diagrasmh owinlgi ght-depernedaecntti oPnhso.t osystPeSmIas n dP SIa/r et het wos pecicahll orophyll dark tight dark
moleculwehsi cchan r eleatshee ierl ectwrhoennss t rubcykl ight.
Concentration
of oxygen
isototnp e
L
thew ater
Q1 Namet hes ubstawnhciec phr ovirdeedsu cipnogw e(re lcetrso)na nd "o,
theo new hicshu ppleineesr gfyo trh el ight-indepreenadcetniotof n s 10 20 304 0 50
Time/min
photosynthesis.
Q2 Whati s: Sayh owt hesdea tsau ppotrhtei de
a reduction thatth eo xygegni veonf bfy p lanit s
b oxidat7i on photosyntchoemseifssr owma ter.
GreeBno o5k. 1O rangBeo ok 5.2