Ectomycorrhizal Fungi Key Genera in Profile

376 Pages·1999·9.218 MB·English

by  S. M. Chambers, J. W. G. Cairney (auth.), Dr. John W. G. Cairney, Dr. Susan M. Chambers (eds.)

John W. G. Cairney· Susan M. Chambers
(Eds)
Ectomycorrhizal Fungi: Key Genera in Profile
Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg GmbH
John W. G. Cairney . Susan M. Chambers
(Eds)
Ectotnycorrhizal Fungi
Key Genera in Profile
With 30 Figures
Springer
Dr. John W.G. Cairney
Dr. Susan M. Chambers
Mycorrhiza Research Group
School of Science
University of Western Sydney (Nepean)
PO Box 10 Kingswood NSW 2074
Australia
ISBN 978-3-642-08490-4
Library of Congress CIP-data applied for
Die Deutsche Bibliothek - CIP-Einheitsaufnahme
Ectomycorrhizal fungi : key genera in profile I J. W. G. Cairney ; S.
M. Chambers (eds.).
ISBN 978-3-642-08490-4 ISBN 978-3-662-06827-4 (eBook)
DOI 10.1007/978-3-662-06827-4
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Preface
It is becoming increasingly clear that communities of ectomycorrhizal fungi
in natural and man-managed habitats are far more diverse than has pre
viously been recognised. The development of morphotype analysis in the
1980s led to an appreciation that above-ground sporocarp diversity is a poor
reflection on below-ground diversity at the root-tip level. The availability of
the much higher resolving power of molecular methods in more recent years
has revealed still further diversity in below-ground ectomycorrhizal fungal
communities. Indeed, from data presented in a number of papers at the
Second International Conference on Mycorrhiza in Uppsala, Sweden, in July
1998, it is apparent that we currently have a very poor appreciation of ecto
mycorrhizal fungal diversity in most habitats. As mycorrhiza researchers
struggle to come to grips with the functional significance of such diversity,
we thought it timely to bring together a series of chapters, each dedicated to
a particular ectomycorrhizal fungal genus. While previous reviews of mycor
rhizal biology have sought to generalise aspects of the symbioses, the empha
sis in this book is very much upon highlighting diversity in taxonomy,
ecology, physiology and, where applicable, practical aspects of ectomycor
rhizal fungi. We hope that this approach will facilitate a wider appreciation of
ectomycorrhizal functioning, and stimulate further research into the func
tional significance of fungal diversity in forest ecosystems.
It will be clear to the reader that only a few genera have, for reasons of eco
nomics or ease of laboratory manipulation, been investigated extensively. We
thus have a reasonable knowledge of the biology of Cenococcum, Hebeloma,
Laccaria, Paxillus, Pisolithus, Rhizopogon, Suillus, Thelephora and Tuber. Even
within these genera, however, work has often concentrated on only single or
a few taxa, and in many cases on a limited number of isolates of each. Several
other genera, which are clearly widespread and important in ecological and/or
economic terms, such as Amanita, Cantharellus, Hysterangium, Lactarius and
Scleroderma, have received rather less attention so far. In each case, we con
sidered that present knowledge was sufficient for a useful genus-specific
chapter. Many other taxa such as Cortinarius and Russula, although probably
key genera in many habitats, have not been included in this volume. While
these taxa are clearly geographically widespread, we currently have an
insufficient understanding of their biology to merit a broad review. In this
context, some may question the inclusion of a chapter on resupinate genera.
VI Preface
Recent work, however, indicates that taxa forming resupinate sporocarps are
important components of below-ground communities and we hope that their
inclusion here will encourage further work on their biology. Finally, in the
interests of saving space, and in order to allow as much data as possible to be
presented in each chapter, we have used the abbreviation ECM throughout
the book to replace ectomycorrhiza, ectomycorrhizas, ectomycorrhizae and
ectomycorrhizal.
October 1998 John W. G. Cairney
Susan M. Chambers
Contents
Preface .................................................... V
Chapter 1 Pisolithus 1
1.1 Introduction .......................................... 1
l.2 Taxonomy and Phylogenetic Relationships .................. 1
1.3 Ecology ............................................... 5
1.4 ECM Formation ........................................ 6
l.4.1 Host-Fungus Specificity ............................ 6
l.4.2 Genetics of the Interaction .......................... 6
l.4.3 Developmental Aspects of the Fungus-Host
Interaction .................... :.................. 7
l.4.4 Symbiotic Functioning ............................. 11
l.5 Host Plant Growth Responses and Fungus-Derived Benefits ... 12
l.5.1 Growth Responses ................................. 12
l.5.2 Nutritional Benefits to the Host ...................... 14
l.5.3 Mineral Transformations ........................... 16
l.5.4 Influence on Host Plant Carbon Economy ............. 17
l.5.5 Non-nutritional Benefits to the Host .................. 18
l.6 Conclusions ........................................... 20
References ................................................ 21
Chapter 2 Suillus 33
2.1 Introduction ........................................... 33
2.2 Taxonomy and Phylogenetic Relationships .................. 33
2.3 Geographic Distribution and Host Specificity ............... 35
2.3.1 Geographic Distribution ............................ 35
2.3.2 Host Specificity ................................... 37
2.4 Community Structure, Population Biology and Genetics ...... 39
2.4.1 Community Structure ............................. 39
2.4.2 Population Biology ................................ 40
2.4.3 Genetics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
2.5 ECM Morphology and Colonisation ....................... 44
2.5.1 ECM Morphology .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
2.5.2 ECM Colonisation ................................. 44
VIII Contents
2.6 Physiology ............................................ 45
2.6.1 Nutrient and Water Translocation .................... 45
2.6.2 Nitrogen Metabolism .............................. 46
2.6.3 Enzymatic Activities of Mycelia ...................... 47
2.6.4 Siderophore Production and Chemical Weathering 48
2.6.5 Carbon Metabolism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
2.7 Anthropogenic Influences ................................ 49
2.7.1 Accumulation of Radionuclides ...................... 49
2.7.2 Nitrogen Deposition ............................... 50
2.7.3 Effects of Toxic Metals ............................. 50
2.7.4 Herbicides ....................................... 52
2.7.5 Bioremediation .................................... 52
2.8 Inoculation Experiments and Applications ................. 52
2.9 Interactions with Other Organisms ........................ 53
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
Chapter 3 Laccaria 65
3.1 Introduction .......................................... 65
3.2 Taxonomy and Ecology .................................. 66
3.2.1 Taxonomy........................................ 66
3.2.2 Ecology and Distribution ........................... 67
3.2.3 Population Biology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68
3.2.4 Markers for Population Studies ...................... 70
3.3 ECM Formation ........................................ 73
3.3.1 Host-Fungus Specificity ............................ 73
3.3.2 Production of Sporocarps .......................... 73
3.3.3 Sexual Incompatibility and Behavior of Monokaryotic
Strains. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
3.3.4 Genetics of ECM Formation ......................... 75
3.3.5 Molecular Genetics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77
3.3.6 ECM Development ................................ 78
3.4 Host Plant Growth Responses and Fungus-Derived Benefits ... 79
3.4.1 Nursery and Field Application ....................... 79
3.4.2 Interactions with Other Organisms ................... 81
References ................................................. 83
Chapter 4 Hebeloma 89
4.1 Introduction .......................................... 89
4.2 Taxonomy and Ecology ................................. 90
4.2.1 Taxonomy ....................................... 90
4.2.2 Saprophytic and ECM Hebeloma Species .............. 90
4.2.3 Host Range ....................................... 91
4.2.4 Geographical Distribution .......................... 92
4.2.5 Hebeloma Species as Successional Pioneers ............ 94
4.3 Life Cycle and Breeding Systems .......................... 95
Contents IX
4.3.1 Basidiospore Germination .......................... 95
4.3.2 Nuclear Status of Mycelia ........................... 96
4.3.3 Breeding Systems ............... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
4.3.4 Sporocarp Formation .............................. 98
4.4 Quantitative Variation ................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100
4.4.1 Interspecific Variation .............................. 101
4.4.2 Intraspecific Variation .............................. 101
4.5 Population Structure and Dynamics ....................... 103
4.6 Genetics and Molecular Biology .......................... 107
4.6.1 Protoplasts and Mutagenesis ........................ 107
4.6.2 Gene Cloning and Genetic Transformation ............ 108
4.7 ECM Formation ......... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109
4.7.1 Developmental Aspects ....... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109
4.7.2 Role of Fungal Auxin .............................. 112
4.8 Nutritional Interactions ................................. 114
4.8.1 Effect on Host Plant Growth. . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114
4.8.2 Influence on Host Carbon Economy .................. 114
4.8.3 Phosphorus Metabolism ............................ 115
4.8.4 Nitrogen Metabolism .............................. 116
4.9 Non-nutritional Interactions ............................. 119
4.10 Conclusions .......................................... 119
References 120
Chapter 5 Rhizopogon 129
5.1 Introduction .......................................... 129
5.2 Taxonomy ............................................ 129
5.3 Morphology and Anatomy of Rhizopogon ECM .............. 133
5.3.1 Pseudotsuga menziesii ECM ......................... 133
5.3.2 Pinus spp. ECM ................................... 135
5.3.3 Tsuga heterophylla ECM and Arbutoid Mycorrhizas ..... 136
5.4 Ecology .............................................. 137
5.4.1 Geographical Distribution and Host Specificity ......... 137
5.4.2 Habitats and Community Dynamics .................. 140
5.4.3 Sporocarp Productivity ............................ 142
5.4.4 Spore Biology .................................... 143
5.4.5 Mycophagy of Sporocarps .......................... 144
5.4.6 Interactions with Other Micro-organisms ............. 145
5.5 Physiology ............................................ 146
5.5.1 Growth in Culture and Physiological Traits ............ 146
5.5.2 Nutrient Translocation ............................. 148
5.5.3 Enzyme and Hormone Activities ..................... 149
5.6 Applications in Forestry ................................. 149
5.6.1 Seedling Inoculation ............................... 150
5.6.2 Benefits to Hosts .................................. 151
References 152
X Contents
Chapter 6 Tuber 163
6.1 Introduction........................................... 163
6.2 Taxonomy and Life Cycle ................................ 163
6.3 Ecology............................................... 165
6.3.1 General Ecology. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165
6.3.2 Tuber ECM and Bacteria ........................... 166
6.3.3 Spore Germination and Mycelial Growth .............. 167
6.4 ECM Formation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169
6.4.1 Host-Fungus Specificity ............................ 169
6.4.2 Developmental Aspects of the Fungus-Host
Interaction ....................................... 170
6.4.3 Identification of ECM .............................. 172
6.5 Host Plant Growth Responses and Fungus-Derived
Benefits ............................................... 175
6.5.1 Growth Responses ................................. 175
6.5.2 Nutritional Benefits to the Host ...................... 176
6.5.3 Non-nutritional Benefits to the Host .................. 177
6.6 Conclusions ........................................... 178
References ................................................ 179
Chapter 7 Scleroderma 187
7.1 Introduction .......................................... 187
7.2 Taxonomy and Ecology ................................. 187
7.3 ECM Formation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 190
7.3.1 Host-Fungus Specificity ............................ 190
7.3.2 Developmental Aspects of the Fungus-Host
Interaction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 190
7.3.3 Symbiotic Functioning ............................. 191
7.4 Host Plant Growth Responses and Fungus-Derived Benefits ... 192
7.5 Nutritional Benefits to the Host and Influence on
Host Carbon Economy .................................. 195
7.6 Non-nutritional Benefits to the Host ...................... 196
References ................................................ 197
Chapter 8 Amanita 201
8.1 Introduction........................................... 201
8.2 Taxonomy............................................. 201
8.2.1 Key to Subgenera and Sections ..................... 202
8.2.2 Subgenus Amanita ............................... 207
8.2.2.1 Section Amanita ................................ 207
8.2.2.2 Section Caesareae ................................ 207
8.2.2.3 Section Vaginatae ............................... 207
8.2.3 Subgenus Lepidella ............................... 209