Ectomycorrhizal fungi in Amazonian tropical forests in Colombia

203 Pages·2016·6.07 MB·Dutch

Ectomycorrhizal fungi
in Amazonian tropical
forests in Colombia
Aída Marcela Vasco-Palacios
Cover design: Clara Mendoza. Layout Sayonara Plata, Fotos: Aída M. Vasco-Palacios.
PhD thesis Utrecht University, Utrecht, NL (2016)
[email protected]
With references and summaries in Dutch and Spanish
The research described in this thesis was conducted at the CBS-KNAW Fungal Biodiversity
Centre, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands, and The Laboratory of Taxonomy
and Ecology of Fungi, Antioquia University, Medellín, Colombia.
Copyright © 2016 by A. Vasco-Palacios, Fundación Biodiversa Colombia. All rights reserved.
Printed by Panamericana Formas e Impresos S.A., Colombia
ISBN 978-958-46-9373-0
This research was supported by the Netherlands Scholarships Programs (NFP-NUFFIC 2010-
2015), the Faculty for the Future - Schlumberger Foundation (FFTF, Grant to Aida Vasco 2011-
2013), the International Science Foundation (IFS Grant D/5052-1, 401 2011-2-13f), Utrecht
Ectomycorrhizal fungi in Amazonian
tropical forests in Colombia
Ectomycorrhiza schimmels in tropische
Amazone bossen in Colombia
(met een samenvatting in het Nederlands)
Proefschrift
ter verkrijging van de graad van doctor aan de Universiteit Utrecht op
gezag van de rector magnificus, prof. dr. G.J. van der Zwaan, ingevolge
het besluit van het college voor promoties in het openbaar te verdedigen
op maandag 26 september 2016 des middags te 6.00 uur
door
Aída Marcela Vasco-Palacios
geboren op 13 januari te Bogotá, Colombia
Promotoren: Prof. dr. H.A.B. Wösten
Prof. dr. T. Boekhout
To Gloria Galeano that will always
be present in my heart
and to my lovely family and friends

Contents
CHAPTER 1 General Introduction 9
SECTION 1
DIVERSITY
CHAPTER 2 Diversity of ectomycorrhizal fungi from white-sand 21
forests in the Colombian Amazonia
CHAPTER 3 Ectomycorrhizal fungal communities associated 43
with the dipterocarp Pseudomonotes tropenbosii in
Colombian Amazonia
CHAPTER 4 Forest type and soil chemistry are important drivers 73
that structure the highly diverse fungal communities in
lowland tropical forests in Colombia
SECTION 2
TAXONOMIC NOVELTIES
CHAPTER 5 Austroboletus amazonicus sp. nov. and Fistulinella 103
campinaranae var. scrobiculata, two common
boletes from a forest dominated by the dipterocarp
Pseudomonotes tropenbosii in Colombian Amazonia
CHAPTER 6 Synopsis of Coltricia and Coltriciella in the 121
Neotropics, new species from Amazonian ecosystems
in Colombia
CHAPTER 7 Sarcodon in the Neotropics: four new species from 141
Colombia and a key to selected species
CHAPTER 8 General Discussion and Summary 161
References 169
Samenvatting 189
Resumen 192
Acknowledgements 198
Curriculum vitae 200
List of Publications 201

CHAPTER 1
General Introduction
- Chapter 1 -
GENERAL INTRODUCTION
The Amazonian region encompasses an area of about 8 million km2 that is located
in the northern part of South America. It is home to the largest forests of the planet
representing nearly 50 % of the global tropical rainforest area (Hoorn & Wesselingh
2010). The area includes two main ecoregions, the Amazon basin that holds the
drainage basin for the Amazon River and its many tributaries, and the Guiana Shield
(Eva et al. 2005). The Amazon basin can be found in Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia,
Ecuador, Guyana, Peru, Surinam, and Venezuela, while the Guiana Shield is located in
Guyana, Surinam, French Guyana, and some parts of Venezuela, Colombia, and Brazil
(Hoorn & Wesselingh 2010). The Amazon region holds a great diversity of terrestrial
and aquatic organisms and plays a significant role in regulating the global climate, the
hydrological cycle, and the carbon and nitrogen cycles (Hoorn & Wesselingh 2010;
Phillips et al. 2009). The actual deforestation rates in the area are extremely high,
ranging from 25,000 to 50,000 km2 per year (Fearnside & Laurance 2003; Malhi et al.
2008; Shukla et al. 1990). This may result in the total disappearance of this tropical
rainforest in a relatively short time (Malhi et al. 2008; Shukla et al. 1990). The overview
of the biodiversity of Amazonia remains to be completed and biological processes
underlying this diversity are poorly documented. While 90-95 % of plants, mammals,
and bird species have been described, the vast majority of the other organisms, such as
bacteria, insects, and fungi are virtually unknown (Behling et al. 2010).
Understanding Biodiversity in Amazonian Forests
Processes such as long-term landscape evolution and climate change have been
identified as important drivers of speciation and extinction, thus shaping the current
patterns of biodiversity in Amazonian forests (Hoorn et al. 2010). Four important
historical events have strongly contributed to the current pattern of diversity in the
Amazonia region: 1. a long period of isolation, 2. the Andean uplift, 3. the closing of
the Panama isthmus, and 4. changes in the global climate (Burnham & Graham 1999;
Hoorn et al. 2010). The different geology from East to West in combination with
differences in rainfall resulted in a gradient of soil fertility, which also contributed
to the pattern of biodiversity (Duque et al. 2002; Quesada et al. 2009; Sombroek
2000; ter Steege et al. 2006, 2010). Growth of plant species is restricted by a subset
of environmental conditions that determines plant diversity (Fine et al. 2006). In
particular, soil characteristics, such as water holding capacity, drainage, degree of
flooding, soil structure, and nutrient contents affect plant growth, mortality, and levels
of diversity (Duivenvoorden & Lips 1993; Ferry et al. 2010; Quesada et al. 2009).
Northwestern Amazonia is typified by its relatively rich soils and has an exceptional
high richness of plant diversity per unit area (Duivenvoorden & Duque 2010;
Gentry 1988; ter Steege et al. 2006, 2010). In contrast, soils of Northeast Amazonia
are relatively poor and this area presents a high dominance of Fabaceae (Henkel et
al. 2012; Jimenez et al. 2009; McGuire 2007; ter Steege 2010). At a smaller scale,
diversity and composition of plants are driven by factors such as local disturbance,
predation, and soil nutrients (Augspurger 1983; Connell 1971, 1978; Duivenvoorden
& Duque 2010; Fine et al. 2004; Janzen 1970; Stropp et al. 2009). Recent studies also
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