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Ectogenesis: Artificial Womb Technology and the Future of Human Reproduction (Value Inquiry Book Series 184) PDF

225 Pages·2006·1.04 MB·English
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ECTOGENESIS Artificial Womb Technology and the Future of Human Reproduction VIBS Volume 184 Robert Ginsberg Founding Editor Peter A. Redpath Executive Editor Associate Editors G. John M. Abbarno Matti Häyry Mary-Rose Barral Steven V. Hicks Gerhold K. Becker Richard T. Hull Raymond Angelo Belliotti Mark Letteri Kenneth A. Bryson Vincent L. Luizzi C. Stephen Byrum Adrianne McEvoy Harvey Cormier Alan Milchman Robert A. Delfino Alan Rosenberg Rem B. Edwards Arleen L. F. Salles Andrew Fitz-Gibbon John R. Shook Francesc Forn i Argimon Eddy Souffrant William Gay Tuija Takala Dane R. Gordon Anne Waters J. Everet Green John R. Welch Heta Aleksandra Gylling Thomas Woods a volume in Values in Bioethics ViB Matti Häyry, Tuija Takala, Editor ECTOGENESIS Artificial Womb Technology and the Future of Human Reproduction Edited by Scott Gelfand and John R. Shook Amsterdam - New York, NY 2006 Cover Design: Studio Pollmann The paper on which this book is printed meets the requirements of “ISO 9706:1994, Information and documentation - Paper for documents - Requirements for permanence”. ISBN-10: 90-420-2081-4 ISBN-13: 978-90-420-2081-8 ©Editions Rodopi B.V., Amsterdam - New York, NY 2006 Printed in the Netherlands CONTENTS Acknowledgements ix Foreword by Richard T. Hull xi ONE Introduction by Scott Gelfand 1 TWO Ectogenesis PETER SINGER AND DEANE WELLS 9 1. The Case for Ectogenesis 11 2. Objections to Ectogenesis 16 3. Discussion 18 THREE Is Pregnancy Necessary: Feminist Concerns about Ectogenesis JULIEN S. MURPHY 27 1. Ectogenetic Research 29 2. Ectogenesis: Who Wants It? 30 FOUR Women, Ectogenesis, and Ethical Theory LESLIE CANNOLD 47 1. The Reality of Ectogenesis 48 2. “Severance” and “Right to Life” Abortion Theory 48 3. Methodology 49 4. Women’s Response to Ectogenesis 50 5. The Need and Responsibility for Change 56 FIVE Out of Body Gestation: In Whose Best Interests? ROSEMARIE TONG 59 1. The Ectogenesis Debate in the 1920s 60 2. The Ectogenesis Debate in the 1970s and 1980s 63 3. The Ectogenesis Debate Today 67 SIX What’s so Good about Natural Motherhood? (In Praise of Unnatural Gestation) GREGORY PENCE 77 1. Introduction 77 2. The Emotional Symbolism of the Artificial Womb 78 3. A Brief History of Assisted Reproduction 79 4. The Artificial Womb and the Best Interests of the Child 81 5. The Artificial Womb and the Best Interests of the Mother 82 6. Bonding 84 7. Research with Extracorporeal Gestation 85 vi CONTENTS 8. Social Justice and the Artificial Womb 87 9. Predictable Alarmist Critiques 87 SEVEN Ectogenesis and the Ethics of Care SCOTT GELFAND 89 1. Introduction 89 2. The Ethics of Care 89 3. Agent-Based Virtue Ethics and the Morality of Caring 90 4. Hypothetical-Agent-Based Virtue Ethics 94 5. Hypothetical-Agent-Based Virtue Ethics and Ectogenesis 96 6. Abortion and Ectogenesis 103 7. Conclusion 106 EIGHT Of Machine Born? A Feminist Assessment of Ectogenesis and Artificial Wombs MAUREEN SANDER-STAUDT 109 1. Ectogenesis is a Gender Issue 109 2. Liberal Feminism and the Ethics of Artificial Wombs 111 3. Radical Feminism, Cultural Feminism, and the Ethics of Artificial Wombs 115 4. Conclusion 126 NINE Ectogenesis: Liberation, Technological Tyranny, or Just More of the Same? JOAN WOOLFREY 129 1. Ectogenesis and Women’s Value 130 2. Ethical Issues Specific to Ectogenesis 133 3. Ectogenesis as Medical Necessity 134 4. Ectogenesis as Pregnancy Option 134 5. The Matter of Control 136 TEN Leaving People Alone: Liberalism, Ectogenesis, and the Limits of Medicine DIEN HO 139 1. Introduction 139 2. Value Arguments against Ectogenesis: The Elephant in the Room 140 3. Ectogenesis as a Conflict of Values 142 4. An Appeal to Liberalism 143 5. Some Qualifications 145 6. Lost in Space or the Best of All Possible Worlds? 146 7. Conclusion 146 CONTENTS vii ELEVEN Immaculate Gestation? How Will Ectogenesis Change Current Paradigms of Social Relationships and Values? JENNIFER BARD 149 1. Introduction 149 2. Factual Background 150 3. Analysis 150 4. Conclusion: What Will the Future Bring? 155 TWELVE The Artificial Womb and Human Subject Research JOYCE M. RASKIN and NADAV MAZOR 159 1. Current Biomedical Standards for Human Subject Research 164 2. Human Subject Research and In Vitro Fetuses 168 3. Is the AW an Acceptable Medical Procedure? 172 4. Is the Use of the Artificial Womb for Research Ethically Permissible? 176 5. Conclusions 181 THIRTEEN Bibliography on Ectogenesis JOHN R. SHOOK 183 About the Editors and Contributors 191 Index 193 This page intentionally left blank ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The editors are grateful to Charles Scribner’s Sons, Indiana University Press, and Blackwell Publishing for permission to reprint these chapters. “Ectogenesis” by Peter Singer and Deane Wells. Chap. 5 of Making Babies: The New Science and Ethics of Conception (New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1985), pp. 116–134. “Is Pregnancy Necessary: Feminist Concerns About Ectogenesis” by Julien S. Murphy. Hypatia 4 (1989): 66–84. “Women, Ectogenesis, and Ethical Theory” by Leslie Cannold. Journal of Applied Philosophy 12 (1995): 55–64.

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This book raises many moral, legal, social, and political, questions related to possible development, in the near future, of an artificial womb for human use. Is ectogenesis ever morally permissible? If so, under what circumstances? Will ectogenesis enhance or diminish women's reproductive rights an
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