Ecotoxicology and genotoxicology : non-traditional terrestrial models

340 Pages·2017·9.12 MB·English

by  Marcelo L Larramendy

Ecotoxicology and Genotoxicology
Non-traditional Terrestrial Models
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Issues in Toxicology
Series Editors:
Diana Anderson, University of Bradford, UK
Michael D. Waters, Michael Waters Consulting, USA
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0 Timothy C. Marrs, Edentox Associates, UK
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7 Editorial Advisor:
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1 Alok Dhawan, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, Lucknow, India
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8 Titles in the Series:
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9/ 1: Hair in Toxicology: An Important Bio-Monitor
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1 2: Male-mediated Developmental Toxicity
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oi:1 3: Cytochrome P450: Role in the Metabolism and Toxicity of
d Drugs and other Xenobiotics
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or 4: Bile Acids: Toxicology and Bioactivity
sc. 5: The Comet Assay in Toxicology
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b 6: Silver in Healthcare
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htt 8: Environmental Cardiology
on 9: Biomarkers and Human Biomonitoring, Volume 1: Ongoing Programs
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1 and Exposures
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e 10: Biomarkers and Human Biomonitoring, Volume 2: Selected
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J Biomarkers of Current Interest
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n 1 11: Hormone-Disruptive Chemical Contaminants in Food
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d 12: Mammalian Toxicology of Insecticides
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sh 13: The Cellular Response to the Genotoxic Insult: The Question of
ubli Threshold for Genotoxic Carcinogens
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14: Toxicological Effects of Veterinary Medicinal Products in
Humans: Volume 1
15: Toxicological Effects of Veterinary Medicinal Products in
Humans: Volume 2
16: Aging and Vulnerability to Environmental Chemicals: Age-related
Disorders and their Origins in Environmental Exposures
17: Chemical Toxicity Prediction: Category Formation and Read-Across
18: The Carcinogenicity of Metals: Human Risk Through Occupational
and Environmental Exposure
19: Reducing, Refining and Replacing the Use of Animals in
Toxicity Testing
20: Advances in Dermatological Sciences
21: Metabolic Profiling: Disease and Xenobiotics
22: Manganese in Health and Disease
23: Toxicology, Survival and Health Hazards of Combustion Products
24: Masked Mycotoxins in Food: Formation, Occurrence and
Toxicological Relevance
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25: Aerobiology: The Toxicology of Airborne Pathogens and Toxins
26: Chemical Warfare Toxicology, Volume 1: Fundamental Aspects
27: Chemical Warfare Toxicology, Volume 2: Management of Poisoning
28: Toxicogenomics in Predictive Carcinogenicity
29: Human Stem Cell Toxicology
01 30: The Comet Assay in Toxicology, 2nd edition
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FP 31: Computational Systems Pharmacology and Toxicology
73- 32: Ecotoxicology and Genotoxicology: Non-traditional Terrestrial Models
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Ecotoxicology and
Genotoxicology
Non-traditional Terrestrial Models
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78 Edited by
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39/ Marcelo L. Larramendy
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F Preface
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0.1 Many important ecosystems around the world are being constantly
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oi: challenged owing to the growing human and industrial pressure exerted
g | d upon them. The use of various biomarkers in local, easily available species
or can be applied to evaluate the response of the biota to such pollutants.
c.
s.rs Several biological parameters mirror the interactions between toxic agents
ub and biotic matrices. These are powerful tools that can be applied to
p
p:// environmental monitoring tests and studies. Their responses may reveal
htt general deleterious effects to the organism, pinpointing alterations at a
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o cellular, biochemical and molecular level, as well as higher levels of
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01 organisation.
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e Our global society needs to table down actions and set rules to evaluate
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2 J and considerably reduce the real and potentially hazardous factors in the
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n environment that can, as previously stated, result in health risks for all
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d forms of life (including Homo sapiens sapiens). Despite major positive con-
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s tributionsinthefieldofhealth,owingtotheimmenseprogressachievedin
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u science, technology and industrialization, the interaction between environ-
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mental risk and health is an often intricate equation, not self-evident, that
involvesavarietyofnotonlysocial,politicalandeconomic,butalsolifestyle
factors. This cannot be emphasized enough. Health depends on the good
quality of environmental ‘‘basic ingredients’’, such as air, water, soil and
food,amongothers.Webelievethattheultimatechallengeinthismatteris
to weigh-in short-term positive gains, while, at the same time, taking into
account long-term effects of substances used. Available information about
the toxic effects of heterogeneous xenobiotics, continuously released into
human habitats, inadvertently, deliberately, or by non-regulated industrial
discharges on biological components of the environment, is inconclusive.
Thereisnotaclear-cutdefinitionoftheconceptofEnvironmentalHealth.
Variousopeningshelpusintheunderstandingofthisconcept.Accordingto
IssuesinToxicologyNo.32
EcotoxicologyandGenotoxicology:Non-traditionalTerrestrialModels
EditedbyMarceloL.Larramendy
rTheRoyalSocietyofChemistry2017
PublishedbytheRoyalSocietyofChemistry,www.rsc.org
vii
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viii Preface
the World Health Organization, it is defined by ‘‘all the physical, chemical
and biological factors external to a person and all the related factors
impacting upon behaviours. It encompasses the assessment and control of
those environmental factors that can potentially affect health. It is targeted
towardspreventingdiseaseandcreatinghealth-supportiveenvironments...’’
07 For the National Environmental Health Association, this concept refers to
0
P ‘‘the protection against environmental factors that may adversely impact
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73- human health or the ecological balances essential to long-term human
5
10 health and environmental quality, whether in the natural or man-made
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88 environment.’’AthirddefinitionbytheNationalInstituteofEnvironmental
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81 Health Science also involves the criteria that ‘‘the social environment
7
9/9 encompasses lifestyle factors like diet and exercise, socioeconomic status,
3
0 and other societal influences that may affect health.’’
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10. In general terms, our health and the health of many other species are
oi: negatively affected by five broad categories of environmental hazards,
d
g | namely, electromagnetic fields (produced by high power lines, electrical
or
c. wiring, appliances, mobile phones, computers, and TV sets, etc.), radiation
s
s.r (including nuclear fallout from weapons testing, fission materials from
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p nuclear power plants and their respective accidents, leaking radioactive
http:// disposalsites,airtravelandx-rays),toxicchemicals(someorganochlorines,
n phthalates, polybrominated flame retardants, perfluorinated substances,
o
7 bisphenol-A) and several toxic metals, among others, which have been
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2 shown to have endocrine-disrupting properties, and finally soil mineral
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u depletion as a complex environmental hazard.
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12 Bydefinition,healthriskassessmentinitsquantitativeand/orqualitative
on determinations includes variants such as the type of risk involved and the
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he severityofresponse,withinorwithoutaprobabilisticcontext.Inthisregard,
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bli risk-based methods of analysis play a strategic role in identifying and
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P rankingadverseresponsesorthestructureoftheeffectsofexposurevis-a`-vis
environmental factors.
Many compounds can be hazardous if not used appropriately and may
present a real risk to the environment, contaminating soil, water and air.
Most of the pollutants in the different environmental compartments exert
their effects through cytotoxic, genotoxic and metabolically toxic mech-
anisms.Inpollutionstudies,thereisanincreasinginterestinbiomonitoring
markers of biological exposure to pollutants. To achieve this goal, several
end-pointsforthethreeabove-mentionedfactorshavebeenusedinaquatic
and terrestrial invertebrate and vertebrate species on contaminated areas
(insituassays)andtoscreenforxenobioticsafterdirectorindirectexposure
(in vivo assays).
The use of invertebrate and vertebrate autochthonous species as indi-
cators for monitoring pollutant-induced deleterious environmental effects
will raise the current awareness of real and potential hazards. It is also
known that most of the environmental pollutants not only affect target
organisms, but concomitantly exert negative effects on non-target species
as well.
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Preface ix
Invertebrateandvertebrateanimalmodelshavebeenusedfordecadesin
acute and chronic toxicity tests for hazard identification. They can be very
efficientscreeningsystemsthathaveamajorroletoplayintoxicityresearch,
because certain aspects of their biology, physiology and genetic character-
istics make them suitable models in ecotoxicological and genotoxicological
07 studies.
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P These two books intend to provide an overview of the use of non-
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73- conventional, locally available, invertebrate and vertebrate species as
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10 experimentalmodelsforthestudyofdifferenttoxicologicalaspectsinduced
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88 by environmental pollutants in both aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems.
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81 Volume One, Ecotoxicology and Genotoxicology: Non-traditional Aquatic
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9/9 Models includes examples of the use of aquatic species or aquatic stages of
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0 terrestrial species and Volume Two, Ecotoxicology and Genotoxicology: Non-
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10. traditional Terrestrial Models, is committed to terrestrial non-conventional
oi: animal models.
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c. relevant tools for evaluating risk and to provide a framework for practical
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s.r discussions. These will foster decisions and actions required to reduce
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p environmentalhealthriskagainstenvironmentalfactors.Thispieceofwork
http:// has been systematized for the sake of clarity, presenting some real-life
n examples and extending concepts (of hazardous factors) to living species
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7 that may stimulate new research ideas and trends in the relevant fields.
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2 Available information has been compiled from a diversity of sources,
e
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u trying to achieve arepresentative global and geographical balance, asfar as
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12 possible,whilstatthesametime aiming athigh-qualitystudies.Webelieve
on that this piece of work is unique in this sense.
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he Manyresearchersfromdifferentpartsoftheworldhavecontributedtothe
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bli publication of this book. Given the fast pace of new scientific publications
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P shedding more light on the matter, these books will probably be outdated
verysoon.Weregardthisasapositiveandhealthyfact.Wehopethatthese
books will meet the expectations and needs of all those interested in the
environmental risk assessment field of study by the use of widely available
species worldwide. Finally, we also hope that the examples included in the
different chapters of these books will awaken the ability to search for new
organisms in local and regional ecosystems to pursue further studies in
ecotoxicology and genotoxicology. If our wishes are granted, we shall be
happy to oblige and edit the next edition of this series.
Prof. Dr Marcelo L. Larramendy
and Dr Guillermo Eli Liwszyc
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